{"page":{"title":"Living on Mars","numbers":{"components":[{"n":1,"id":"homes","title":"Homes","where":"below","owner":"03-06","build_first":false},{"n":2,"id":"water","title":"Water from ice","where":"above","owner":"03-01","build_first":true},{"n":3,"id":"air","title":"Air","where":"below","owner":"03-09","build_first":true},{"n":4,"id":"food","title":"Food","where":"both","owner":"03-10","build_first":true},{"n":5,"id":"power","title":"Power","where":"above","owner":"03-03","build_first":true},{"n":6,"id":"waste","title":"Waste and recycling","where":"below","owner":"03-15","build_first":false},{"n":7,"id":"medical","title":"Medical bay","where":"below","owner":"03-14","build_first":false},{"n":8,"id":"pads","title":"Landing pads","where":"above","owner":"03-02","build_first":false},{"n":9,"id":"ships","title":"Ships","where":"above","owner":"03-05","build_first":false},{"n":10,"id":"fuel","title":"Fuel plant","where":"above","owner":"03-04","build_first":false},{"n":11,"id":"port","title":"Port and vehicles","where":"above","owner":"03-05","build_first":false},{"n":12,"id":"construction","title":"Construction","where":"above","owner":"03-11","build_first":false},{"n":13,"id":"factories","title":"Factories","where":"both","owner":"03-12","build_first":false},{"n":14,"id":"comms","title":"Comms and navigation","where":"above","owner":"03-13","build_first":false},{"n":15,"id":"computers","title":"Computers","where":"below","owner":"03-16","build_first":false},{"n":16,"id":"suits","title":"Airlocks and suits","where":"between","owner":"03-07","build_first":false},{"n":17,"id":"commons","title":"The Commons and weekends","where":"below","owner":"04-02-01","build_first":true},{"n":18,"id":"people","title":"People and movement","where":"everywhere","owner":"04-04-01","build_first":false},{"n":19,"id":"oldtown","title":"The Old town and First Landing","where":"above","owner":"04-01-01","build_first":false},{"n":20,"id":"place","title":"The place itself","where":"everywhere","owner":"02-03","build_first":false}],"eras":["city","far"],"cards":[{"id":"power","title":"Power","owner":"03-03","eras":{"city":{"tag":"Reactors","text":"Small reactors from Earth, buried far from town. They run day and night, even through dust storms."},"far":{"tag":"Solar","text":"Panels made on Mars, with fuel stored underground for the storms. Nothing comes from Earth."}},"refs":{"city":["03-03 G-01","03-03 G-03","03-03 G-13"],"far":["04-01-04 MC-10","04-02-04 SF-10"]},"pics":{"city":"living/pics/power-city.webp","far":"living/pics/power-far.webp"},"wide":true},{"id":"water","title":"Water","owner":"03-01","eras":{"city":{"tag":"Ice wells","text":"Wells melt ancient ice frozen deep under the plain. That one supply becomes drinking water, the oxygen you breathe and the fuel that flies ships home."},"far":{"tag":"Recycled","text":"Almost every drop is cleaned and used again, so little new ice is needed."}},"refs":{"city":["03-01 H-01","03-09 LS-12","03-04 C-01","04-01-01 FC-04"],"far":["LV-02"]},"pics":{"city":"living/pics/water-city.webp","far":"living/pics/water-far.webp"},"wide":true},{"id":"air","title":"Air","owner":"03-09","eras":{"city":{"tag":"Machines","text":"Machines split water into oxygen and scrub out the carbon dioxide."},"far":{"tag":"Machines and farms","text":"Farms and gardens now breathe out oxygen too, helping the machines."}},"refs":{"city":["03-09 LS-12"],"far":["LV-02"]},"pics":{"city":"living/pics/air-city.webp","far":"living/pics/air-far.webp"},"wide":true},{"id":"food","title":"Food","owner":"03-10","eras":{"city":{"tag":"Lamps and glass","text":"Crops grow under lamps in buried halls, and in daylight in glass domes."},"far":{"tag":"Orchards","text":"Huge domes with water in their roofs hold fruit trees and open fields."}},"refs":{"city":["03-10 GF-04","03-10 GF-16"],"far":["03-10 GF-17","LV-02"]},"pics":{"city":"living/pics/food-city.webp","far":"living/pics/food-far.webp"},"wide":true},{"id":"sports","title":"Sports","owner":"02-01","wide":true,"modes":[{"id":"basketball","label":"Basketball","sub":"Indoors","tag":"Low-Grav Basketball","text":"Mars's gravity is only {grav_pct}% of Earth's, so everyone jumps {jump_x} times higher, and the hoops hang higher to match.","pic":"living/pics/weekends-dome-court.webp","refs":["02-01 F-01","04-01-01 FC-03","LV-04"],"headline":"Indoor Sports"},{"id":"buggy","label":"Dune buggies","sub":"Outdoors","tag":"Dune Buggy Racing","text":"Hit a crater rim and you fly {jump_x} times as far as on Earth, floating for seconds. But with a third of the grip, every corner is a slide, so the best drivers race like rally drivers on ice.","pic":"living/pics/buggy.webp","refs":["02-01 F-01","LV-07"],"headline":"Outdoor Sports"}],"also":"The buggies run silent on the city's own methane and oxygen, throwing sand in long clean arcs. And it's not just these two: volleyball, diving and gymnastics all get Mars versions."},{"id":"flying","title":"Flying","owner":"03-10","wide":true,"modes":[{"id":"pedal","label":"Pedal planes","sub":"In the dome","headline":"Fly Yourself","tag":"Pedal Planes","text":"Pedal like you're riding a bike, and you take off. On Earth it took a very fit cyclist to pedal a plane across the English Channel. Here you weigh far less and the dome is full of air, so it takes about a third of the effort.","pic":"living/pics/flying-pedal.webp","refs":["LV-06","F-01","03-09 LS-01","03-10 GF-17"]},{"id":"canyon","label":"Canyon flights","sub":"Over Mars","headline":"Fly Over Mars","tag":"The Grand Canyon of Mars","text":"Watch the sun rise over the Grand Canyon of Mars. It is {canyon_x} times as deep as Arizona's, deep enough to hide Everest with {canyon_room_m} m to spare.","pic":"living/pics/flying-canyon.webp","refs":["LV-08","03-03 F-18","02-01 F-51"]}],"also":"In the dome, gliding, wing races and aerial tag all open up. Outside, the air is far too thin to fly on muscle alone, so canyon flights use big, fast tour planes."}],"website":{"title":"Living on","title_em":"Mars","credit":"Pictures: concept art, made to match the library","real_label":"What's real here?","era_label":{"city":"04-01-01:numbers.city_name","about":"The name over each era on the cards: Arcadia's era shows the city's own name (04-01-01), the others the era's short name from the timeline, and each its first calendar year."}},"whats_real":{"lead":"How each part works comes from the library's kit pages. What it looks like is our best picture of it.","items":[{"label":"real","title":"Real","text":"The dangers every part answers: radiation through a thin sky, ice under the plain, air too thin to breathe, dust storms that dim the Sun for months.","from":["03-06 HA-01","03-01 H-01","03-03 G-01"]},{"label":"world","title":"Our world","text":"How big each part is and how it grows; how sports and flying change in Mars's gravity. For Arcadia the kit pages work it out; Self-sustaining Mars, the buggy racing and the flying power are our best estimates.","from":["01-01 E-12","LV-02","LV-06","LV-07"]},{"label":"art","title":"Art","text":"The pictures: light, colour and detail. The Self-sustaining picture is an edit of Arcadia's, so the same spot lines up.","from":["LV-03"]}]},"flying":{"earth_w":300,"easier_x":3.4,"about":"earth_w: the power the Gossamer Albatross needed in still air (F-01). easier_x: how many times less power the same kind of plane needs in the dome (LV-06)."},"levels":[{"n":1,"title":"Survive","line":"Power and water. Everything else is made from these two.","cards":["power","water"]},{"n":2,"title":"Stay","line":"Air and food, made from them, so people can live here for years, not weeks.","cards":["air","food"]},{"n":3,"title":"Thrive","line":"What life here is for: things you can only do on Mars.","cards":["sports","flying"]}],"explore":{"about":"The words of the Living on Mars explainer page, living/ (owner, 10 October 2026, LV-09): a hero with a drawn cut-through of Arcadia City, the page's seven groups and every section in them, and the sections built so far. Each section names the place in Playable Arcadia (05-19) that shows it, so the game and the page point at each other. {words} are worked out in this file's worked_out; plain numbers are read live on the page from the files that own them (named beside each section). Every stop follows the same five beats (beats, owner, 10 October 2026), each with one job and one or two cards, never more: The Martian world (Earth against Mars, then the problem in action), How Arcadia does it (what the city builds), How it works (the science underneath), Living with it (daily life, and how it changes from Arcadia City to Self-sustaining Mars) and Mission check (one more true fact, three questions, and the way into the game). No 'What's real here?' panel (00-05 ST-19). Every card a beat holds carries its beat's label as the start of its title (beats[].kicker: Mars up close, Inside the city, The science, Everyday life), so each stop reads in the same recognisable format (owner, 10 October 2026).","hero":{"kicker":"Living on Mars","title":"How Arcadia City works","hint":"Tap a part of the city","scroll":"Scroll to explore","picture":"living/hero.webp","spots":[{"id":"ships","label":"The port","x":0.083,"y":0.27},{"id":"homes","label":"Homes under glass","x":0.333,"y":0.3},{"id":"homes","label":"The buried rows","x":0.25,"y":0.55},{"id":"food","label":"Farm domes","x":0.6,"y":0.35},{"id":"water","label":"The ice wells","x":0.77,"y":0.74},{"id":"power","label":"The reactor","x":0.933,"y":0.63}],"spots_note":"Where each label sits on the hero picture, living/hero.webp (x and y as shares of its width and height). The picture is Art, painted on Higgsfield (LV-09)."},"groups_title":"The city in seven parts","groups_line":"Tap a lit stop to open it. Where the city has built it, you can walk there in Playable Arcadia.","ready":"Open now","soon":"Coming soon","groups":[{"id":"place","n":1,"title":"The place","line":"Why the city stands on this plain, and what Mars throws at it.","icon":"globe","sections":[{"id":"plain","title":"Why Arcadia","short":"Why Arcadia","owner":"02-05","play":"The plain, its cracked ground and its dust devils","icon":"globe","ready":true},{"id":"sky","title":"The sky and the day","short":"Sky and day","owner":"02-07","play":"Afternoon, Dusk, Night and Now, and Phobos crossing","icon":"sun","ready":true},{"id":"dangers","title":"The four dangers","short":"Dangers","owner":"02-01","play":"The radiation meter","icon":"shield","ready":true}],"pic":"home/today.webp","short":"The place"},{"id":"survive","n":2,"title":"Survive","line":"The three things nobody lives without for long.","icon":"bolt","sections":[{"id":"power","title":"Power","short":"Power","owner":"03-03","play":"The reactor field and the roads to it","icon":"bolt","ready":true},{"id":"water","title":"Water from ice","owner":"03-01","play":"The ice mine","ready":true,"icon":"drop","short":"Water"},{"id":"air","title":"Air","short":"Air","owner":"03-09","play":"Taking your helmet off under a dome","icon":"air","ready":true}],"pic":"living/pics/power-city.webp","short":"Survive"},{"id":"shelter","n":3,"title":"Shelter","line":"Keeping the air in and the radiation out.","icon":"house","sections":[{"id":"homes","title":"Homes","short":"Homes","owner":"03-06","play":"Your home under a water roof, and a buried street","ready":true,"icon":"house"},{"id":"suits","title":"Airlocks and suits","short":"Airlocks","owner":"03-07","play":"The court's airlock and the suits of each era","icon":"helmet","ready":true},{"id":"medical","title":"The medical bay","short":"Medical bay","owner":"03-14","play":"Not in the game yet","icon":"plus","ready":true}],"pic":"living/pics/homes-city.webp","short":"Shelter"},{"id":"grow","n":4,"title":"Food and loops","line":"Growing food indoors, and wasting nothing.","icon":"leaf","sections":[{"id":"food","title":"Farms","short":"Farms","owner":"03-10","play":"A buried farm hall, the farm domes and the orchard","ready":true,"icon":"leaf"},{"id":"waste","title":"Waste and recycling","short":"Waste","owner":"03-15","play":"The full water tank and where it goes","icon":"recycle","ready":true}],"pic":"living/pics/food-city.webp","short":"Food"},{"id":"port","n":5,"title":"Ships and the port","line":"How people and cargo arrive, and how ships fly home.","icon":"rocket","sections":[{"id":"pads","title":"Landing pads","short":"Pads","owner":"03-02","play":"The port: two pads, then four","icon":"target","ready":true},{"id":"ships","title":"Starship and First Landing","short":"Starship","owner":"03-05","play":"First Landing and its lift","icon":"rocket","ready":true},{"id":"fuel","title":"The fuel plant","short":"Fuel plant","owner":"03-04","play":"The tank farm beyond the pads","icon":"flame","ready":true},{"id":"rovers","title":"Rovers and roads","short":"Rovers","owner":"03-05","play":"The open rover and the graded roads","icon":"car","ready":true}],"pic":"home/rocket-starship.webp","short":"The port"},{"id":"make","n":6,"title":"Making and connecting","line":"Building with Mars itself, and staying in touch with home.","icon":"gear","sections":[{"id":"construction","title":"Building with Mars soil","short":"Building","owner":"03-11","play":"Homes still being printed under a gantry","icon":"layers","ready":true},{"id":"factories","title":"Factories","short":"Factories","owner":"03-12","play":"The steel yard beside the fuel plant","icon":"gear","ready":true},{"id":"computers","title":"Computers and AI","short":"Computers","owner":"03-16","play":"The radar in the corner of the screen","icon":"chip","ready":true},{"id":"comms","title":"Talking to Earth","short":"Talking to Earth","owner":"03-13","play":"Writing home from your living room","icon":"signal","ready":true}],"pic":"living/pics/air-city.webp","short":"Making"},{"id":"life","n":7,"title":"A life here","line":"What all of it is for.","icon":"spark","sections":[{"id":"commons","title":"The Commons and weekends","owner":"04-02-01","play":"The café on your square","icon":"cup","ready":true,"short":"Commons"},{"id":"sports","title":"Sport in low gravity","owner":"05-17","play":"The court, the crowd and the dunk","icon":"ball","ready":true,"short":"Sport"},{"id":"flying","title":"Flying","owner":"05-17","play":"Not in the game yet","icon":"plane","ready":true,"short":"Flying"},{"id":"moving","title":"Walking and running on Mars","owner":"02-06","play":"The loping run, footprints and the gravity switch","icon":"walk","ready":true,"short":"Moving"},{"id":"oldtown","title":"People and the Old town","owner":"04-01-01","play":"Settlers, Camila's stories and First Landing","icon":"people","ready":true,"short":"Old town"}],"pic":"living/pics/weekends-dome-court.webp","short":"A life here"}],"play_label":"In Playable Arcadia","play_go":"Go there","sections":{"water":{"pic":"living/pics/water-city.webp","question":"Where does a city in a desert get its water?"},"homes":{"pic":"living/pics/homes-city.webp","question":"How do you live in the daylight on Mars?"},"food":{"pic":"living/pics/food-city.webp","question":"How do you feed a city where nothing grows outside?"},"plain":{"pic":"living/pics/plain-city.webp","question":"Why build the first city here?"},"sky":{"pic":"living/pics/sky-city.webp","question":"What is the sky like over Arcadia?"},"dangers":{"pic":"living/pics/dangers-city.webp","question":"What does Mars throw at the people who live here?"},"power":{"pic":"living/pics/power-city.webp","question":"How do you keep the lights on when a dust storm can hide the Sun for months?"},"air":{"pic":"living/pics/air-city.webp","question":"How do you breathe on a planet with almost no oxygen?"},"suits":{"pic":"living/pics/suits-city.webp","question":"How do you step out onto Mars, and come home without bringing it in?"},"medical":{"pic":"living/pics/medical-city.webp","question":"Who looks after you when Earth's hospitals are a world away?"},"waste":{"pic":"living/pics/waste-city.webp","question":"What happens to everything you throw away?"},"pads":{"pic":"living/pics/pads-city.webp","question":"Where does a ship the size of a tower touch down?"},"ships":{"pic":"living/pics/ships-city.webp","question":"What happens to a ship once it lands?"},"fuel":{"pic":"living/pics/fuel-city.webp","question":"Where does a ship's fuel for home come from?"},"rovers":{"pic":"living/pics/rovers-city.webp","question":"How do you get around when you can't breathe outside?"},"construction":{"pic":"living/pics/construction-city.webp","question":"How do you build a city without a single lorry of bricks?"},"factories":{"pic":"living/pics/factories-city.webp","question":"Where does a city get its steel when the nearest steelworks is on another planet?"},"computers":{"pic":"living/pics/computers-city.webp","question":"Why can't Mars just ask Earth's computers?"},"comms":{"pic":"living/pics/comms-city.webp","question":"How do you call home from another planet?"},"commons":{"pic":"living/pics/weekends-city.webp","question":"What does the city do on its days off?"},"sports":{"pic":"living/pics/sports-city.webp","question":"What is sport like when you weigh a third as much?"},"flying":{"pic":"living/pics/flying-pedal.webp","question":"Can you fly on Mars?"},"moving":{"pic":"living/pics/moving-city.webp","question":"What does it feel like to walk on Mars?"},"oldtown":{"pic":"living/pics/oldtown-city.webp","question":"Who lives here, and where did the city begin?"}},"next_title":"More of the city is on its way","back":"Back to Wake Up On Mars","home_cta":{"label":"See how life in Arcadia City works","line":"Step inside every part of the city"},"beats":[{"n":1,"id":"problem","title":"The Martian world","icon":"globe","kicker":"Mars up close"},{"n":2,"id":"fix","title":"How Arcadia does it","icon":"gear","kicker":"Inside the city"},{"n":3,"id":"why","title":"How it works","icon":"bulb","kicker":"The science","look":"blueprint","stamp":"Arcadia City","sheet":"Sheet","checked":"Checked","date":"{season}, day {day}","year":"Mars Year {year}","scale":"Depths drawn to scale"},{"n":4,"id":"living","title":"Living with it","icon":"house","kicker":"Everyday life"},{"n":5,"id":"check","title":"Mission check","icon":"target","kicker":"","look":"gallery"}],"fact_label":"Did you know?","on_earth":"On Earth","on_mars":"On Mars","legend":{"open":"Open","soon":"On its way"},"walk":{"title":"Walk the city","line":"Every stop above is a place in Playable Arcadia","pic":"home/portal-city.webp"},"eras_label":"As the city grows","nav_parts":"The city","visor":{"about":"The second card of The Martian world, on every stop: the close-up seen through your suit's visor (gold-bronze, 03-08), with four suit readouts round the screen. A glowing pin on the Mars side of the Earth and Mars card marks the spot the close-up is about (each stop's `pin`: shares of the picture across and down, Art), and the visor opens from it (owner, 10 October 2026).","readouts":[{"label":"Summer day","value":"{sum_lo} to {sum_hi}°C","icon":"thermo"},{"label":"Air","value":"{air_pct}% of Earth's","icon":"air"},{"label":"Radiation","value":"{h_plain_y} mSv a year","icon":"rad"},{"label":"Gravity","value":"{g_pct}% of Earth's","icon":"walk"}]},"scene_note":"Beat 2, How Arcadia does it, opens on its place: each stop's scene picture is made from the look book of the file that owns the place (00-05 ST-20) and shows its signature shot. A new stop names the look book, the shot and the picture here (owner, 10 October 2026). Spot it (owner, 10 October 2026): each scene names its `spots`, shares of the picture. Pin n sits on the part tile n of the card explains and takes its title, and the tile opens on a close-up of that spot; a stop with no tiles gives each spot its own `label`. Where the working part is out of sight (the well under the ice, the room under the soil), the scene is the look book's cut-away shot instead. `ar` is the picture's width over its height when it is not 21:9, and `lap` how far the card rises into the picture in pixels when its usual 170 would hide the part that matters.","nav_note":"The explainer is one overview page (living/) and one page per open stop (living/<id>/, written by 00 Engine room/make-living-pages.js). On every one of them the site's bar moves between the stops (owner, 10 October 2026): The city (the overview), then one item per part of the city (`groups[].short`) that opens its list of stops, open ones linked and this one marked; the phone menu lists them the same way. The beats of a stop are reached from the rail of numbered dots. The bar stays at the top of the screen as you scroll. Its button walks into the city (`walk.title`, opening Playable Arcadia) in place of the site's Join button, on the bar and at the top of the phone menu (owner, 10 October 2026).","pages":{"about":"One page per open stop (owner, 10 October 2026), so each can be shared with its own picture and title: living/<id>/, written by make-living-pages.js from this file, with the stop's opening picture and question as its share card. The stops run in the order of `groups`, and each page ends with the stop before and the stop after it. An old link to a stop on the overview (#water) goes on to its page. A new stop needs `ready: true` in its group, its words in `sections.<id>` (every part listed in `explore.beat_rule`) and its own drawings in living/stops/<id>.js and .css. The data is split the same way (owner, 10 October 2026, made for all 24 stops): living/data/shared.json carries what every page needs, and living/data/<id>.json one stop's own words, so a stop page loads only its own stop and the shared file stays in the browser from page to page."},"finale":{"about":"The end of every page of the explainer (owner, 10 October 2026: the old plain back button did not look good enough). The walk through the city as one glowing route, every stop a light grouped by its part of the city (open ones lit and linked, this one marked You are here); then the next stop as a doorway, its picture slowly drawing closer with its question and the way in; then quiet links back (the stop before, the whole city, Playable Arcadia, the home page); and at the foot, the plain at dawn (`pic`, Art, 90-01 `living-finale`): the Sun rising over Arcadia City with two settlers walking towards it, the site's mark in the sky above the Sun. On the overview the doorway is the first stop; after the last open stop it is Playable Arcadia. The way back is a row of picture cards (`cards`): the stop before, the whole city, Playable Arcadia and the home page (owner, 10 October 2026).","route":"Your walk through Arcadia City","here":"You are here","next":"Next stop","start":"Start the walk","end":"You have walked every open stop","go":"Keep walking","go_first":"Start walking","prev":"The stop before","all":"The whole city","home":"Wake Up On Mars","pic":"living/pics/finale-dawn.webp","progress":"{open} of {all} stops open, more on their way","cards":{"prev":{"kick":"The stop before"},"all":{"kick":"Back to the map","line":"Every part of the city, from the ice under the plain to the water over your head","pic":"living/hero.webp"},"walk":{"kick":"Playable Arcadia","line":"Walk every street of it yourself"},"home":{"kick":"More of Mars","line":"The planet, the rockets, the games and the people who got us here","pic":"shared/menu/planet.webp"}}},"check":{"about":"Beat 5 on every stop (owner, 10 October 2026): one more surprising fact the visitor has not met yet, as a framed real photograph with a museum label (`sections.<id>.proof`), then three quick questions whose answers are all somewhere higher up the stop (`sections.<id>.quiz`). Each question lists its right answer first (shuffled on screen); tapping an answer turns the card to the right answer, why, and one more fact that is new (`more`), each naming the fact it rests on (`cite`). A score and rank close the stop, with the way into the game. Each question names the beat its answer comes from (`from`, with `fig`, the card's place in that beat, and an `icon`), and its card dresses as that beat: a blueprint with the drawing you saw for How it works, the stop's scene photo for How Arcadia does it, the visor over the Mars picture for The Martian world, the era picture for Living with it, with a chip that jumps back to it. A right answer glows green with a burst of sparks; a wrong one shakes before it turns.","fact_kicker":"One more thing","quiz_kicker":"The settler's test","quiz_title":"Could you live here?","question":"Question","right":"Right","wrong":"Not quite","more":"Did you know?","score":"You got {n} of {of}","hint":"Answer all three to earn your rank","ranks":["New arrival","Settler","Arcadia engineer","Founder"],"again":"Try again","note_label":"Field note","from":"Answer in","wall":"living/pics/gallery-wall.webp"},"photos":{"about":"Real photographs for each stop's Mission check, fetched from Wikimedia Commons by 00 Engine room/make-maker-photos.py (the Fetch people photos workflow) into living/people/. Free licences only.","water":{"proof":{"commons":"Amundsen-scott-south pole station 2007.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"Bill Spindler, U.S. Antarctic Program, National Science Foundation"}},"food":{"proof":{"commons":"ISS-44 VEGGIE Red Romaine Lettuce.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA"}},"plain":{"proof":{"commons":"Phoenix Ice.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona/Texas A&M University"}},"sky":{"proof":{"commons":"Perseverance Captures Another Phobos Transit (PIA26811).png","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS/SSI"}},"dangers":{"proof":{"commons":"PIA18079-MarsOpportunityRover-SelfPortrait-201403.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell Univ./Arizona State Univ."}},"power":{"proof":{"commons":"Kilopower experiment.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA Glenn Research Center"}},"air":{"proof":{"commons":"PIA23154 MOXIE experience is installed into the chassis of the Mars rover Perseverance.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA"}},"suits":{"proof":{"commons":"Spacewalkers Stephen Bowen and Sultan Alneyadi exit the Quest airlock (iss069e008039).jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA Johnson Space Center"}},"medical":{"proof":{"commons":"Padalka Fincke ISS ultrasound.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1190,"credit":"NASA"}},"waste":{"proof":{"commons":"ISS-46 Cygnus 5 departing (5).jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA"}},"pads":{"proof":{"commons":"Falcon 9 Flight 20 OG2 first stage post-landing (23273082823).jpg","licence":"CC0","width":1600,"credit":"SpaceX"}},"ships":{"proof":{"commons":"Skylab (SL-4).jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA, crew of Skylab 4"}},"fuel":{"proof":{"commons":"The station pictured from the SpaceX Crew Dragon 5 (cropped).jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA"}},"rovers":{"proof":{"commons":"Apollo 15 Lunar Rover and Irwin.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA/David Scott"}},"construction":{"proof":{"commons":"CHAPEA habitat (1).jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA/Bill Stafford"}},"factories":{"proof":{"commons":"PIA07269-Mars Rover Opportunity-Iron Meteorite.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA/JPL/Cornell"}},"computers":{"proof":{"commons":"NASA's Ingenuity helicopter on Mars by Perseverance Mastcam-Z, Sol 768 (53475637956).jpg","licence":"CC BY 2.0","width":1600,"credit":"NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/Simeon Schmauß"}},"comms":{"proof":{"commons":"PIA17936 Earth seen from Mars.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/TAMU"}},"commons":{"proof":{"commons":"Landsgemeinde auf dem Zaunplatz in Glarus, Kanton Glarus - 19308265778.jpg","licence":"CC BY 2.0","width":1600,"credit":"Kanton Glarus, Samuel Trümpy Photography"}},"sports":{"proof":{"commons":"John W. Young on the Moon.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"Charlie Duke, NASA"}},"flying":{"proof":{"commons":"First flight2.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"John T. Daniels"}},"moving":{"proof":{"commons":"Apollo 11 bootprint.jpg","licence":"Public domain","width":1600,"credit":"Buzz Aldrin, NASA"}},"oldtown":{"proof":{"commons":"Esperanza Station anta0060.jpg","licence":"CC BY 2.0","width":1600,"credit":"Dr. David Demer, NOAA/NMFS/SWFSC/AMLR"}}},"home":{"about":"Living with it, beat 4 on every stop, feels like being at home (owner, 10 October 2026): the stop's two era pictures as one wide picture with a handle to drag between Arcadia City and Self-sustaining Mars; the daily-life line as a note home pinned over it, postmarked with today's Mars date at Arcadia City and the real time a message takes to reach Earth today (both from the shared sky model); and the beat's card as a home panel on the wall. Words sell the best true picture of life here (owner, 10 October 2026): what is wonderful about it, never what is missing.","note":"A note home","reach":"Reaches Earth in {min} minutes","drag":"Drag to watch the city grow","panel":"Home panel","panel_where":"Row 7, door 12","panel_ok":"All systems normal","screen_note":"Everyday life is the screen on your wall on every stop (owner, 10 October 2026): a live Mars clock and date at Arcadia City, the time to the next sunset or sunrise and how far away Earth is in light-minutes (all from the sky model), a strip of today's sky with the Sun where it really is, and three moments of a day (`sections.<id>.everyday.items`: a time on the Mars clock, a picture, a headline that tells the moment, one line and a small tag) that arrive like notifications in time order. Never lead with a bare number: the number is only the tag.","sunset":"Sunset in {t}","sunrise":"Sunrise in {t}","earth":"Earth is {min} light-minutes away"},"tone":"Owner, 10 October 2026: every word a visitor reads sells living here. Lead with what is wonderful and true; leave out what is merely missing or rationed (no small luxuries, no shortages, no hunger). Danger only appears where the page shows how the city beats it.","beat_rule":"Every stop has at least one card in every beat, the same kinds of card on every stop, so the five beats read the same everywhere (owner, 10 October 2026). Living with it's card is always an Everyday life card shown as the home panel.","contract":{"about":"What every open stop must have in `sections.<id>` (owner, 10 October 2026, made for all 24 stops). make-living-pages.js stops the build if a stop marked `ready` is missing any of these, and living/explain.js warns on the page. The stop's own drawings (beats 1, 2 and 3) are in living/stops/<id>.js; start one with npm run new-stop -- <id>.","needs":["group","pic","question","answer","play","earth_mars","pin","scene","proof","fact","quiz","everyday","living","from"],"either":["card","later"],"quiz":3,"everyday_items":3},"stop_count":"Stop {n} of {of}","card_link":"See how it works"},"young":{"date":"21 April 1972","cm":42,"about":"F-02: John Young's jump salute on the Moon."},"look_sports":{"from":"LV-10","about":"How sport in Arcadia City looks, so every picture, film, game scene and explainer page draws the same places (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named; they pass the glance test within about a quarter. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","words":{"rim":"05-17:worked_out.sp_rim_m","court_l":"05-19:numbers.court.court_length_m","court_w":"05-19:numbers.court.court_width_m","roof":"03-10:worked_out.roof_water_m"},"places":{"court":{"name":"The court under glass","outside":"A glass dome about 50 m across on the plain beside the homes, on a printed foundation ring wall with an earth berm, its glass carried by a triangulated frame of slim white struts (03-06 look). Its roof holds about {roof} m of water between two skins of glass and glows deep blue (05-19 PA-23, 03-10 GF-17). A walk-in airlock tunnel stands out from the ring wall (03-07 AD-13).","inside":"A full court of {court_l} by {court_w} m on a glossy wooden floor with the city's sun-over-the-horizon mark at centre court, its hoops raised so the rim stands at {rim} m (05-19 PA-07). Warm LED strips along the edges, two rows of benches down one side and a plain scoreboard frame hung from the dome (PA-26). Light through the water roof ripples blue across the floor by day and turns warm at dusk. Everyone plays and watches in everyday clothes (PA-25); the round inner door of the airlock sits in the ring wall. A crowd that hops slowly to its feet when someone scores, and a pick-up game at the far hoop (PA-27)."},"buggies":{"name":"Dune buggy racing","outside":"Racing buggies with sealed glass cabs and drivers in suits, white bodies with coral trim, big tyres and long-travel suspension, flying off crater rims and dunes on the plain; the sand they throw flies in thin clean arcs and falls straight back, with no dust cloud hanging in the air (LV-07)."}},"palette":{"floor":"#C98B55","water_roof":"#3F8FC9","white":"#F4F2EE","coral":"#E0825E","led":"#FFD9A8","teal":"#3FB7AE"},"light":"Inside the dome: daylight through the water roof, blue and rippling across the floor; at dusk and night the arena lights come up warm (PA-26). Outside: butterscotch sky by day, blue round the Sun at dawn and dusk (02-07 F-02).","eras":{"city":"One water-roofed court dome with two rows of benches (PA-26); buggy races on the plain.","far":"The court is the city's arena: raised stands, coral and teal lights that pulse, team banners and trees in planters round the edge (PA-26)."},"never":["Hoops at Earth's height","Anyone inside the dome in a suit, or anyone outside without one, or alone outside (03-08 SS-05)","Dust clouds hanging in the air behind a buggy","A plain glass roof with no water layer","Brass, copper or old-fashioned lamps and gauges","Text, team names or numbers on the scoreboard, shirts or banners","People posed for the camera or staring at it"],"shots":[{"id":"stands","name":"From the top of the stands","frame":"Golden hour from the top row: the whole court under the water roof's rippling blue light, a player soaring for a dunk at the raised hoop, the crowd cheering, the airlock door in the ring wall, the plain and a Starship beyond the glass."},{"id":"dunk","name":"The dunk","frame":"Courtside, low: a player in everyday clothes floating at the top of a huge leap towards the raised rim, light rippling over the floor."},{"id":"buggy_jump","name":"Off the rim","frame":"A racing buggy flying off a dune crest at sunset, clean arcs of sand falling from its wheels, the blue-haloed Sun low behind."}],"open":[]},"look_flying":{"from":"LV-11","about":"How flying in Arcadia looks, so every picture, film, game scene and explainer page draws the same places (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named; they pass the glance test within about a quarter.","words":{"roof":"03-10:worked_out.roof_water_m","dome_pct":"05-17:worked_out.fl_dome_pct"},"places":{"dome":{"name":"The great dome","outside":"The biggest of Arcadia's water-roofed domes, several hundred metres across, on a printed ring wall with an earth berm, its roof about {roof} m of water between two skins of glass glowing deep blue (03-10 GF-17, LV-06).","inside":"A green park under rippling blue light: rows of fruit trees, a lake, wheat fields and paths, and a long straight grass runway through the orchard. The air is the homes' air, about {dome_pct}% as dense as Earth's (03-09 LS-01). People in everyday clothes walk, watch and wave."},"pedal_plane":{"name":"A pedal plane","inside":"Like the Gossamer Albatross (F-01): very long slender wings covered in clear film over a thin dark carbon frame, a small teardrop cabin of clear film where the pilot sits and pedals like on a bicycle, and one big slow propeller. It flies slowly and low over the trees."},"tour_plane":{"name":"A canyon tour plane","outside":"A sleek white pressurised aircraft with very long slender wings, a narrow body with a row of windows and one big propeller, flying over the Grand Canyon of Mars at sunrise (LV-08)."}},"palette":{"water_roof":"#3F8FC9","leaf_green":"#5FA34A","film":"#E9F4FF","carbon":"#2E2C31","white":"#F4F2EE","coral":"#E0825E"},"light":"Inside the great dome: daylight softened and rippling through the water roof. Over the canyon: sunrise, a cold blue glow round a small Sun, the canyon floor in shadow and morning fog (02-07 F-02).","eras":{"city":"No dome big enough to fly in yet; canyon tour flights from Arcadia City (LV-08).","far":"The great dome with its orchard, lake and runway, and pedal planes over the trees (LV-06)."},"never":["Anyone flying outside on muscle power, with strap-on wings or from a tower (LV-06)","Jet engines or helicopters as the tour planes","Rain, clouds or a blue sky inside the dome","A plain glass roof with no water layer","Anyone outside without a suit, or alone outside (03-08 SS-05)","Text or logos on the planes","People posed for the camera or staring at it"],"shots":[{"id":"orchard","name":"Over the orchard","frame":"Inside the great dome on a bright afternoon: two pedal planes gliding over the fruit trees, one lifting off the end of the grass runway while people wave, the lake to one side, the water roof rippling blue overhead."},{"id":"canyon_dawn","name":"The canyon at dawn","frame":"Over the Grand Canyon of Mars at sunrise: the long-winged tour plane small against colossal layered walls, fog on the floor, the blue-haloed Sun on the rim."}],"open":[]}}},"quoted":{"00-01":{"title":"Project map"},"01-01":{"title":"Getting to Mars","numbers":{"ss_v2_leo_t":35,"f9_leo_t":22.8}},"02-01":{"title":"Physical constraints","numbers":{"gravity":{"mean_ms2":3.73,"eq_ms2":3.69,"pole_ms2":3.73,"escape_kms":5.03},"earth":{"g_mean_ms2":9.82,"escape_kms":11.19,"pressure_pa":101325,"o2_pct":20.95,"n2_pct":78.08,"density_kgm3":1.217,"scale_height_km":8.5,"a_mkm":149.598,"peri_mkm":147.095,"aph_mkm":152.1,"irr_wm2":1361,"tilt_deg":23.44,"year_days":365.256,"radius_km":6371,"land_mkm2":148.94,"water_pct":70.8,"mean_c":15,"eccentricity":0.0167},"atmosphere":{"pressure_pa":636,"pressure_range_pa":[400,870],"olympus_pa":72,"hellas_pa":1240,"co2_pct":95.1,"n2_pct":2.59,"ar_pct":1.94,"o2_pct":0.16,"co_pct":0.06,"h2o_ppm":210,"density_kgm3":0.016,"molecular_weight":43.49,"scale_height_km":11,"armstrong_pa":6250,"conscious_s":14,"sound_low_ms":240,"sound_high_ms":250,"sound_split_hz":240,"sound_earth_ms":343,"carry_m":8,"carry_earth_m":65,"talk_m":5},"sun":{"a_mkm":227.956,"peri_mkm":206.65,"aph_mkm":249.261,"irr_wm2":586.2,"eccentricity":0.0935},"time":{"sol_h":24.6597,"year_days":686.98,"tilt_deg":25.19,"synodic_days":779.94},"temperature":{"mean_c":-59,"high_c":20,"low_c":-153,"feet_c":24,"head_c":0,"viking_c":[-89,-31]},"radiation":{"surface_msv_day":0.64,"cycle_msv_day":[0.64,1],"peak_depth_m":0.3,"shield_m":[1,1.6],"shield_target_msv":100,"surface_msv_day_pm":0.12,"cycle_mgy_day":[0.2,0.32],"cycle_note":"0.64 mSv is RAD's measured dose equivalent near solar maximum (Hassler 2014). 1.0 is our scaling: the solar-minimum absorbed dose (0.32 mGy) times the same ratio. Guo et al. 2021 give the absorbed doses."},"doses":{"flight_msv":0.035,"xray_msv":0.1,"background_msv":3,"ct_chest_msv":6.1,"uk_limit_msv":20},"dust":{"radius_um":1.5,"perchlorate_phoenix_pct":[0.4,0.6],"perchlorate_curiosity_max_pct":1.05,"perchlorate_ref_pct":0.5,"epa_ugl":20,"epa_options_ugl":[20,40,80],"opp_2014_wh":[375,620]},"water":{},"comms":{"dist_mkm":[54.6,401.4],"light_kms":299792.458},"moons":{"phobos_dims_km":[26,23,18],"phobos_d_km":22,"phobos_cross":"4 h 15 min","phobos_every":"11 h 6 min","phobos_max_lat":70.4,"deimos_dims_km":[16.1,11.8,10.2],"deimos_d_km":12.5,"deimos_up_days":2.48,"moon_d_km":3474.8,"earth_photo":"31 January 2014","earth_photo_dist_mkm":160},"geography":{"radius_km":3389.5,"hellas_depth_km":7.152,"hellas_w_km":2300,"valles_l_km":3870,"valles_w_km":600,"valles_d_km":9.3,"pavonis_pit_m":90},"copies_of_03_06":{"about":"Sanctioned copy (00 L-17) of the town's burial depth, which 03-06 HA-01 owns (03-06 numbers.cover_m). The shielding drawing and F-28 need it, and 02 may not quote 03. build.py stops if the two differ.","cover_m":3},"orbits":{"epoch_jd":2451545,"valid_years":[1800,2050],"obliquity_deg":23.43928,"au_km":149597870.7,"earth_accuracy_arcsec":20,"earth":{"a_au":[1.00000261,0.00000562],"e":[0.01671123,-0.00004392],"i_deg":[-0.00001531,-0.01294668],"l_deg":[100.46457166,35999.37244981],"peri_deg":[102.93768193,0.32327364],"node_deg":[0,0]},"mars":{"a_au":[1.52371034,0.00001847],"e":[0.0933941,0.00007882],"i_deg":[1.84969142,-0.00813131],"l_deg":[-4.55343205,19140.30268499],"peri_deg":[-23.94362959,0.44441088],"node_deg":[49.55953891,-0.29257343]},"about":"JPL's approximate elements (Table 1): each is [value at noon on 1 January 2000, change per century]. 'earth' is the Earth and Moon's shared centre."},"clock":{"w0_deg":176.63,"w_deg_per_day":350.89198226,"tt_minus_utc_s":69.184,"leap_seconds":37,"tt_minus_tai_s":32.184,"last_leap":"31 December 2016","about":"How Mars's turn and astronomers' time are counted. w0_deg and w_deg_per_day: the IAU spin model. tt_minus_utc_s: how far Terrestrial Time runs ahead of ordinary clock time (this file owns it; 03-13's Mars Sol Date reads it)."},"interior":{"about":"Inside Mars, from NASA's InSight lander and studies of Martian rock (F-56, F-57). The 2023 core radius replaces the 2021 one, kept for the record.","core_radius_km":1650,"core_radius_2021_km":1830,"crust_km":[24,72],"mantle_feo_pct":14.7,"earth_mantle_feo_pct":8.05},"look":{"from":"S-31","about":"How the four dangers (thin air, cold, radiation and dust) and the city's answers to them look, so every picture, film and 3D scene of them matches (00-05 ST-20). The places are owned elsewhere and named beside each part: the plain by 02-05's look, the rows by 03-06's, the airlocks by 03-07 and the suits by 03-08. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","words":{"cover":"03-06:numbers.cover_m"},"places":{"way_in":{"name":"The way in","outside":"The end of a buried row: the long soil mound {cover} m thick over its steel vault (03-06 HA-01), and at its end the entrance porch, a printed airlock with a lamp, a small window, a grille to stamp the dust off, brushes, dust-shield panels and a blow-off nozzle under a canopy (03-07 AD-04). Radiator panels stand on the mound's flank (S-17). A pair of suited people coming home, red dust on their boots and knees.","inside":"Cut away: the porch, then the lock with a vacuum and magnet wand, then the clean change room and a warm, bright room beyond, where people are in everyday clothes (03-07 AD-04, AD-05)."},"plain":{"name":"Out on the plain","outside":"02-05's plain: fine red soil, polygons, a flat skyline, butterscotch sky. Fine dust clings to everything that goes out (S-13)."}},"palette":{"suit_white":"#F4F2EE","suit_graphite":"#2E2C31","suit_coral":"#E0825E","visor":"#B88A3A","soil":"#B4643C","lamp":"#FFD9A8"},"light":"Golden hour or dusk, so the porch lamp and the warm room inside glow against the cold plain; the blue glow round the setting Sun (02-07 F-02).","people":"Outside always in suits and in pairs (03-08 SS-05), dusty from the plain; inside in everyday clothes. Small and natural, never posed.","eras":{"city":"Classic airlocks and suitport locks at the rows' ends; heavy white suits (03-07 AD-06, 03-08 SS-13).","far":"Slim second-skin suits for the plain, and people in everyday clothes under the domes' water roofs (03-06 HA-14)."},"never":["Helmets off or skin bare outside","Soil heaped straight on a home with no steel shell under it (03-06 HA-02)","Dust inside the clean rooms","Frozen or burst bodies, or anything gory","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain, puddles or anything green growing outside","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","People posed for the camera or staring at it","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps"],"shots":[{"id":"way_in_cut","name":"The way in, cut open","frame":"At dusk, the end of a buried row sliced open: the steel vault under its thick band of soil, radiator panels on the mound, and the entrance porch cut away to show a suited pair being brushed and blown clean on the porch, the lock beyond, and a warm room where people sit in everyday clothes. The plain and a blue-glowing sunset behind."}],"open":[]}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine (00-02) reads for world physics. The format belongs to the engine; the numbers belong to this file. Each names the fact or assumption it comes from.","surface_gravity":{"value":3.73,"unit":"m/s²","earth_value":9.82,"from":"F-01","source":"nasa_mars","path":"numbers.gravity.mean_ms2"},"sol_hours":{"value":24.6597,"unit":"h","from":"F-17","path":"numbers.time.sol_h"},"year_sols":{"value":668.6,"unit":"sols","from":"F-18"},"surface_pressure_pa":{"value":636,"unit":"Pa","from":"F-04","path":"numbers.atmosphere.pressure_pa"},"air_density_kgm3":{"value":0.016,"unit":"kg/m³","from":"F-34","path":"numbers.atmosphere.density_kgm3"},"sunlight_wm2":{"value":586.2,"unit":"W/m²","from":"F-14","path":"numbers.sun.irr_wm2"},"sound_speed_ms":{"value":240,"unit":"m/s","from":"F-10","path":"numbers.atmosphere.sound_low_ms"},"olympus_height_km":{"value":21.3,"unit":"km","from":"F-48","path":"olympus.height_km"},"olympus_width_km":{"value":600,"unit":"km","from":"F-48","path":"olympus.width_km"},"year_days":{"value":686.98,"unit":"Earth days","from":"F-18","path":"numbers.time.year_days"},"light_speed_kms":{"value":299792.458,"unit":"km/s","from":"F-39","path":"numbers.comms.light_kms"},"planet_orbits":{"value":{"epoch_jd":2451545,"valid_years":[1800,2050],"obliquity_deg":23.43928,"au_km":149597870.7,"earth_accuracy_arcsec":20,"earth":{"a_au":[1.00000261,0.00000562],"e":[0.01671123,-0.00004392],"i_deg":[-0.00001531,-0.01294668],"l_deg":[100.46457166,35999.37244981],"peri_deg":[102.93768193,0.32327364],"node_deg":[0,0]},"mars":{"a_au":[1.52371034,0.00001847],"e":[0.0933941,0.00007882],"i_deg":[1.84969142,-0.00813131],"l_deg":[-4.55343205,19140.30268499],"peri_deg":[-23.94362959,0.44441088],"node_deg":[49.55953891,-0.29257343]},"about":"JPL's approximate elements (Table 1): each is [value at noon on 1 January 2000, change per century]. 'earth' is the Earth and Moon's shared centre."},"unit":"au, degrees, and change per century from 1 January 2000","from":"F-53","path":"numbers.orbits"},"mars_clock":{"value":{"w0_deg":176.63,"w_deg_per_day":350.89198226,"tt_minus_utc_s":69.184,"leap_seconds":37,"tt_minus_tai_s":32.184,"last_leap":"31 December 2016","about":"How Mars's turn and astronomers' time are counted. w0_deg and w_deg_per_day: the IAU spin model. tt_minus_utc_s: how far Terrestrial Time runs ahead of ordinary clock time (this file owns it; 03-13's Mars Sol Date reads it)."},"unit":"degrees, degrees per day, Julian date, seconds","from":"F-54, F-55","path":"numbers.clock"}}},"02-05":{"title":"The site up close","numbers":{"ap8":{"lat":40.75,"lon":-158.7,"note":"SpaceX site AP-8 (201.3°E in the source), mapped with AP-1 and AP-9 by Luzzi and others (2023)."},"golombek":{"arcadia_sites":12,"sinuous_sites":6,"rock_h_m":0.5,"rock_d_m":1,"rock_pct":5,"slope_len_m":10,"ti_min":100},"arcadia":{"named":1882,"lat":[33.9,64.2]},"esa_2025":{"lava_gyr":3,"crater_km":15,"ice_m":1},"polygons":{"mode_m":11,"mapped":8967,"ice_cm":[6,20]},"brain_km":8,"phoenix_days":4,"bramson":{"craters":187,"terraces_m":[10,17,23,26,31,42],"badger_m":[17,43],"area_km2":250000,"area_max_km2":1200000,"base_mean_m":51,"base_mode_m":42,"ice_pct":75,"lat":[38,50],"lon":[180,225],"dtm_craters":11},"dundas_2014":{"craters":20,"lat":39},"vos_2026":{"depth_cm":[25,150],"kyr":630,"max_myr":4,"lat":[40,55]},"vl2":{"summer_k":[191,241],"wind_mean_ms":0.7,"wind_from":"south-east","wind_from_deg":135,"wind_swing_ms":3,"front_sols":3.3,"frost_date":"13 September 1977","frost_min_k":160,"frost_1pm_k":175,"frost_mbar":8.835,"frost_season_k":[155,220],"brine_sols":30,"brine_aw":0.52,"landed":"3 September 1976","sols":1281},"wang_2007":{"quiet_ls":[240,300],"peak_ls":[[210,220],[310,320]]},"bickel_2025":{"devils":1039,"years":20,"max_ms":44,"max_kmh":158,"peak_h":[11,14]},"erebus_hill_m":[500,1000],"kelvin":273.15,"ice_top_m":0.5,"ice_top_range_m":[0.1,1.5],"ice_base_m":40,"ice_base_range_m":[20,50],"dust_wind_from":"north-west","dust_wind_from_deg":315,"devil_seen_m":500,"look":{"from":"SU-11","about":"How the plain at the pin looks, so every picture, film and 3D scene of Arcadia's ground draws the same place (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are facts or assumptions named beside them; they pass the glance test within about a quarter. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","words":{"poly":"02-05:numbers.polygons.mode_m","ice_top":"02-05:numbers.ice_top_m","ice_base":"02-05:numbers.ice_base_m","rock_h":"02-05:numbers.golombek.rock_h_m"},"places":{"plain":{"name":"The plain at the pin","outside":"A smooth, nearly flat plain of fine reddish-brown soil with few rocks, none taller than about {rock_h} m (F-02), cracked into polygons about {poly} m across by shallow troughs (F-05, SU-01), dotted with small craters, some softened and widened by lost ice (F-06). Darker and lighter patches mottle it (F-04). A flat skyline all the way round, with no hill above it (SU-09). Under the soil, {ice_top} m down, ice-rich ground to about {ice_base} m (SU-02, SU-03): never visible, except as a white rim in a fresh trench (SU-10)."},"city_on_it":{"name":"The city on the plain","outside":"Small against the plain and spread along the flat ground: the long mounds of the buried rows with skylight collars (03-06 look), the first glass dome glowing blue, the well field's rigs (03-01 look), and further off the two-pad port with a Starship standing on it (03-02, 03-05). Graded tracks with rover ruts join them across the polygons. Everything built shows from far off, because nothing natural rises above the skyline (SU-09)."}},"palette":{"soil":"#B4643C","dark_patch":"#7A4A33","light_patch":"#C98E64","frost":"#EDE7E1","sky_day":"#C49A6C","sky_horizon":"#D9B98F"},"light":"By day a butterscotch sky, paler near the horizon (02-07 SK-01); at golden hour long shadows pick out every polygon trough. At dusk the sky goes blue round a small Sun (02-07 F-02). On clear winter mornings frost draws the polygons in faint white lines that fade as the Sun climbs (SU-05). On spring and summer afternoons dust devils stand on the southern skyline (SU-07).","people":"Small and natural: crews in pairs in white suits (03-08 SS-13) crossing the polygons on foot or in an open rover, leaving boot prints and tracks.","eras":{"city":"One city on the plain: the buried rows, the first dome, the well field and the port, joined by graded tracks.","far":"The plain dotted with the city's three domes and solar fields, and roads running to other towns beyond the skyline (04-01-04)."},"never":["Hills, mountains, cliffs or mesas on the skyline (SU-09)","Big boulder fields or rough rocky ground: the pin was chosen for its smooth ground (F-01, F-02)","Visible ice lying on the surface, except a white rim in a fresh trench (SU-10)","Sand dunes","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain, puddles or anything green growing outside","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","People posed for the camera or staring at it","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps"],"shots":[{"id":"city_plain","name":"The city on the plain at golden hour","frame":"A low aerial view at golden hour across the polygon-cracked plain, long shadows in every trough. In the middle distance the city sits small on the flat ground: the buried rows' mounds with glowing skylight collars, the first glass dome glowing blue, the well field's rigs, and further off the two-pad port with a Starship. A pair of suited people and an open rover cross the polygons in front. A flat skyline all the way round."},{"id":"frost_net","name":"The frost net","frame":"Low over the plain on a clear winter morning: the polygons drawn in faint white frost lines along their troughs, the low Sun just up, a pair of suited people small in the distance."}],"open":[]}},"world_spec":{"about":"Site numbers the engine (00-02) can read to build the ground at the lead site. The pin's position and height are 02-03's (R-02) and are read from there. The format belongs to the engine; the numbers belong to this file.","polygon_width_m":{"value":11,"from":"F-05","path":"numbers.polygons.mode_m"},"ice_top_m":{"value":0.5,"from":"SU-02","path":"numbers.ice_top_m"},"ice_base_m":{"value":40,"from":"SU-03","path":"numbers.ice_base_m"},"summer_wind_mean_ms":{"value":0.7,"from":"F-13","path":"numbers.vl2.wind_mean_ms"},"summer_wind_from_deg":{"value":135,"from":"F-13","path":"numbers.vl2.wind_from_deg"},"summer_wind_swing_ms":{"value":3,"from":"F-13","path":"numbers.vl2.wind_swing_ms"},"weather_front_sols":{"value":3.3,"from":"F-15","path":"numbers.vl2.front_sols"},"dust_wind_from_deg":{"value":315,"from":"SU-06","path":"numbers.dust_wind_from_deg"},"dust_devil_peak_hours":{"value":[11,14],"from":"F-20","path":"numbers.bickel_2025.peak_h"}}},"02-06":{"title":"The human body on Mars","numbers":{"nasa_reid_pct":3,"nasa_ref_age":35,"nas_over_pct":150,"hassler_transit_days":180,"hassler_stay_days":500,"hassler_total_sv":1,"icrp_fatal_pct_per_sv":5,"uk_public_msv":1,"child_x":[2,3],"aug1972_bfo_rem":130,"aug1972_skin_rem":600,"rem_per_sv":100,"may2024_ugy":8100,"may2024_xrays":30,"esa_hip_pct_month":1.5,"esa_hip_pct_6mo":10,"elderly_pct_year":[1,2],"gabel_n":17,"gabel_not_recovered":9,"gabel_long_pct":3.9,"gabel_months":[4,7],"mice_n":24,"mice_days":28,"mice_g":[0.33,0.67],"apollo17_h":75,"kram_ms":{"g1":1.98,"g04":1.39},"kram_g":0.4,"kram_froude":0.5,"kram_curve":[[1,1.98],[0.8,1.84],[0.6,1.65],[0.5,1.55],[0.4,1.39],[0.2,1.18],[0.1,0.97]],"sans_pct":{"disc":64,"globe":26,"folds":15,"hyperopia":14},"jugular":{"n":11,"stasis":6,"clot":1,"mean_days":210},"twins_days":340,"twins_gene_pct":91.3,"moonwalkers":12,"mars_dust_pel_mgm3":0.1,"moon_dust_pel_mgm3":0.4,"dust_peak_mgm3":10,"dust_pel_um":10,"dust_pel_days":30,"who_pm25_ugm3":15,"perchlorate_rfd_ug_kg":0.7,"palinkas_pct":60,"circadian_h":24.18,"scheer_lux":450,"phoenix_staff":19,"phoenix_weeks":11,"sleep_shuttle_h":5.96,"rat_flights":[1983,1994,1995],"sj10_embryos":6000,"sj10_hours":96,"sperm_years":6,"sperm_pups":168,"rogozov_year":1961,"rogozov_min":105,"iss_years":25,"buried_msv_year":20,"surface_h_per_sol":{"crew":3,"town":2,"city":1},"walk_run_ms":1.39,"hiseas_floor_m2":[30.3,39.4],"scheer_h":24.65,"ramsar_msv_year":260,"young_jump":{"cm":42,"date":"21 April 1972"},"look":{"from":"HB-12","about":"How people move in Arcadia City, so every picture, film and game scene shows the same gait (00-05 ST-20). Built from F-17, HB-06, 02-01 S-01, S-02 and S-04, choosing the most beautiful reading they allow (00 L-19). Proportions pass within about a quarter.","parts":{"walk":{"name":"The walk","look":"Longer, slower strides than on Earth with a slight bounce, the body tipped a little forward, arms loose. Indoors people move with a skipping economy, and a brisk walk turns into a lope at an ordinary Earth strolling pace (F-17, 02-01 S-01)."},"run":{"name":"The lope","look":"Running is a string of long, low bounds, both feet off the ground for most of each stride, the leading leg reaching forward and the trailing leg folding back, knees bending to soak up each landing, like the Apollo crews on the Moon but heavier and quicker (02-01 S-01)."},"jump":{"name":"The jump","look":"The same push lifts a person about two and a half times as high as on Earth, and they hang in the air that much longer, so a hop up a step or onto a wall looks easy and slow (02-01 S-02)."},"indoors":{"name":"Built for it","look":"High ceilings, steep open stairs taken several steps at a bound, handrails, soft floors in play areas, hoops raised for Mars on the court (02-01 S-02, 05-19 PA-07). People train every day, and it shows: lean, strong, relaxed (02-01 S-04)."},"outside":{"name":"Out on the plain","look":"In suits (03-08) people bound in pairs, never alone, along graded paths, leaving long lines of deep boot prints; each landing raises a small puff of dust that falls slowly back (02-01 S-12)."}},"people":"Settlers of every age and background, in everyday clothes indoors and suits outside, small in frame and busy with their own day, never posed or looking at the camera.","light":"Golden hour or dusk: the long shadows of a bound show how high it rises. Indoors under a water roof the light ripples blue across the floor.","eras":{"city":"Mostly suited workers bounding between the buried rows, and runners on the first dome's track.","far":"Families and children leaping in the dome parks; bounding is simply how everyone moves."},"never":["People moving stiffly as on Earth, or floating as if weightless","A jump much higher than about two and a half times an Earth jump, or a slow-motion drift down","Anyone outside without a suit, or outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles outside","People posed for the camera or staring at it"],"shots":[{"id":"track","name":"The track under the water roof","frame":"Inside a dome neighbourhood at golden hour: runners bounding round a park track, a person bounding up an outside stair to a roof terrace, and through the glass two suited people bounding along a path on the plain."},{"id":"bound","name":"Two in step on the plain","frame":"Eye level on the plain, two suited people side by side in mid-bound along a trail of boot prints, low Sun behind."}],"open":[]},"aldrin_bootprint":{"date":"20 July 1969","photo":"AS11-40-5878"}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine (00-02) could read to animate people. The format belongs to the engine; the numbers belong to this file. Each names the fact or assumption it comes from.","walk_run_ms":{"value":1.39,"unit":"m/s","from":"HB-06","path":"numbers.walk_run_ms"},"buried_msv_year":{"value":20,"unit":"mSv a year","from":"HB-02","path":"numbers.buried_msv_year"}}},"03-01":{"title":"Water extraction","numbers":{"rw_depth_m":25,"bit_mm":50,"rw_test_ice_c":-60,"rw_trl":5,"rod_trl":6,"tvac_kpa":1,"tvac_k":210,"ice_temp_c":[-80,-60],"cp_ice":{"0":2.05,"-20":1.943,"-40":1.818,"-60":1.681,"-80":1.536},"latent_kj":333.55,"wavar_kg_sol":[3.8,25.8],"wavar_kw":8.6,"wavar_kwh_kg":[10.5,55],"rod_invented":1959,"camp_century_from":1960,"sp_since":1995,"sp_gal_yr":530000,"sp_crew":[28,140],"cc_first_gal":3500000,"cc_depth_ft":500,"well_life_yr":[7,10],"borehole_kw":27.5,"electro_kwh_kg_h2":[53,57.5],"water_per_h2":8.9,"drink_l":[2,2.5],"uk_l_day":137,"iss_gal_day":1,"ship_lox_t":1170,"ship_ch4_t":330,"ca_perchlorate_ppb":6,"mank_thick_m":170,"mank_cover_max_m":20,"block2_prop_t":1500,"icecube_seasons":7,"sp_shower_min":2,"sp_showers_week":2,"borehole_keepwarm_kw":10,"borehole_water_t":150,"sp_pool_d":16,"sp_pool_w":22,"cav_mbar":[8,10],"pool_max_c":2,"cc_tank_gal":5000,"ct_mm":[25,83],"look":{"from":"H-15","about":"How the well field looks, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws the same place (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact is named; they pass the glance test if they are within about a quarter of these. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise; Self-sustaining Mars is under eras.","words":{"poly":"02-05:numbers.polygons.mode_m","dry":"02-05:numbers.ice_top_m","pool_w":"03-01:numbers.sp_pool_w","pool_d":"03-01:numbers.sp_pool_d","depth":"03-01:numbers.rw_depth_m"},"place":"Out on the open plain north-west of the town, a few hundred metres apart, beyond the City's edge. No dome, no glass, nobody lives here: people come out in suits for a shift (H-03).","ground":"Smooth, flat, almost rock-free ground (02-05 F-01, F-02), rust-red with darker patches (F-04), cracked into shallow polygons about {poly} m across by the ice beneath (F-05). Wind ripples and a few fist-sized stones near the feet. Graded roads with wheel ruts.","parts":[{"id":"rig","name":"The drill rig","size":"Reel about 2.4 m across on a 6 m trailer; the gooseneck arch tops out about 6 m up, as tall as a two-storey house","look":"A coiled-tube rig as F-31 describes it: the steel tube unwinds from the reel, arcs over a white gooseneck and drops through the injector head into the wellhead, under a low open-sided white canopy on four graphite legs, about 4 m high, that shelters the injector and wellhead. White composite panels, matte graphite frame, brushed titanium, thin coral stripes: the same family as the suits and rovers (03-08 SS-13, 03-05 V-16). Dust thickest low down. A small floodlight on the arch.","facts":["F-04","F-05","F-31"]},{"id":"wellhead","name":"The wellhead","size":"A low insulated cap about 1.5 m across and knee high","look":"A graphite cap wrapped in a padded white thermal blanket (like the South Pole's hatch), with the riser and a thinner warm return pipe coming up through it, a sealed valve box and a small status light.","facts":["F-07","F-29"]},{"id":"hut","name":"The well hut","size":"About 4 m by 2.5 m and 2.6 m tall, the size of a small shipping container","look":"A white insulated module with rounded corners, one small porthole, a door with a step, a coral stripe, a radiator panel on its shady side and a short mast with an antenna. It holds the pumps' controls and the heat exchanger for the warm loop (H-08), like the South Pole's support building.","facts":["F-08","F-30"]},{"id":"tank","name":"The field tank","size":"A squat cylinder about 3 m across and 2.5 m tall","look":"White, insulated and heated (F-30), with a level window glowing blue, half buried in a low berm of soil.","facts":["F-30"]},{"id":"pipes","name":"The buried pipes","size":"Lit marker posts about 1.2 m tall, one every 20 m","look":"The heated pipes to the town and the warm loop from the reactors are buried (H-02, H-08); only their marker posts show, each with a small warm light. A pulse of light runs along them when the tank is filled.","facts":[]},{"id":"capped","name":"Capped old wells","size":"Knee-high caps","look":"Older wells left to freeze (F-24, F-25): graphite caps with a stencilled number and a ring of stakes, dust settled on top.","facts":["F-24","F-25"]},{"id":"crew","name":"The water crew","size":"","look":"Two people, never one (03-08 SS-05), in the white suits of 03-08 SS-13 with gold-bronze visors, dust on their boots and knees. One kneels at the wellhead with a tool, one stands at the reel's controls. Natural, working poses, seen side-on or from behind.","facts":[]},{"id":"rover","name":"The crew's rover","size":"03-05 rover_designs.open","look":"The trail rover, parked by the tank, tool tray full (03-05 V-16).","facts":[]},{"id":"below","name":"Below ground (for cut-away views)","size":"Dry soil about {dry} m, then ice; the pool at its biggest about {pool_w} m across and {pool_d} m deep (F-28)","look":"The tube runs down a lined hole through the soil into the ice. The pool is dark clear water under a thin ice skin, the cavity above it lined with fine frost crystals grown from the pool's own vapour (F-29), lit only by the pump's lamp. The ice shows thin dusty bands.","facts":["F-28","F-29"]}],"palette":{"suit_white":"#F4F2EE","graphite":"#2E2C31","titanium":"#9A9690","coral":"#E0825E","dust":"#B4643C","dark_ground":"#6E3B26","sky_noon":"#D9A27A","sky_sunset_glow":"#9DB8D6","water":"#5AB6E8","lamp":"#FFD9A8"},"light":"Low afternoon sun: small (about two thirds of the Sun's width from Earth) and white, in a butterscotch sky, with long soft shadows and a cooler fill from the dusty sky. At dusk the sky round the Sun turns blue (02-07 F-02, F-03) and the floodlight, hut porthole and marker posts glow warm. In late winter mornings thin white frost rims the stones and the shady side of the kit (02-05 F-17).","eras":{"city":"A working field: the rig on the newest well, a second rig drilling nearby, two finished wells producing in their blankets, three capped old wells, the hut, the trail rover by the tank, two crew.","far":"Quiet: rows of sealed wellheads with small automatic pumps whose blue rings breathe, a drilling robot boring the next well, no crew most days, and the water works by the domes glowing through its glass after dark (H-16)."},"never":["Open water on the surface: at Mars's air pressure it boils and freezes at once (F-29)","A tall oil derrick: the rig drills only {depth} m with a coiled tube (F-04, F-31)","A free plume of steam: the well is sealed and the vapour freezes inside it (F-29)","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps","A dome, glass hall or windows at the field","Anyone working alone, or outside without a suit","Big boulders: the site was chosen for being almost rock-free (02-05 F-02)","A blue daytime sky, or snow drifts"],"shots":[{"id":"golden","name":"The rig at golden hour","frame":"Low and three-quarter on, the reel and gooseneck against the sky, the crew at the wellhead, the hut and tank behind, marker posts leading towards the town's domes small on the horizon."},{"id":"dusk","name":"Lights on at dusk","frame":"Wide and level, blue sky round the setting Sun, the floodlight, porthole and marker posts glowing, long shadows across the polygons."},{"id":"frost","name":"Frost morning","frame":"Close on the wellhead in late winter, frost rims on the blanket and stones, a gloved hand on the valve box."},{"id":"cutaway","name":"The well, cut away","frame":"Pulled back and level at golden hour, the ground sliced open like a museum cross-section: the reel, the canopy over the wellhead, the hut and the tank small along a thin line of soil near the top, then banded ice, the tube dropping from the wellhead straight down to the frost-lined cavity and its pool, lit by the pump's lamp. True scale throughout (the below part): the soil a thin skin beside the canopy, the pool about three canopies wide, and the cavity's roof about two and a half canopies' height below the ground. Used for How Arcadia does it, where the melting and pumping happen out of sight."}],"open":[{"id":"rig_style","question":"How exposed is the rig?","options":["Open: the reel, gooseneck and injector out in the open, like an Earth coiled-tubing unit","Sheltered: the injector and wellhead under a low white canopy, the reel outside","Housed: everything inside the well hut, only the reel's end showing"],"pick":"Sheltered","why":"Shows enough of the machine to explain the well, gives the clearest shape, and the crew work naturally at the wellhead under it. Chosen under the owner's standing rule of 10 October 2026 (00-05 ST-20): most beautiful, and the parts that explain the thing in view."}]}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to draw a well field. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the fact or assumption it comes from.","max_drill_depth_m":{"value":25,"from":"F-04","path":"numbers.rw_depth_m"},"bit_diameter_mm":{"value":50,"from":"F-05","path":"numbers.bit_mm"},"well_spacing_m":{"value":[200,400],"from":"H-01"},"well_life_years":{"value":[7,10],"from":"F-24","path":"numbers.well_life_yr"},"pipes":{"value":"buried, heated","from":"H-02"},"household_use_l_earth_day":{"value":[20,50],"from":"H-10","path":"settlement.use_l_day.value"},"household_recycle_pct":{"value":95,"from":"02-01 S-22","path":"settlement.recycle_pct.value"},"household_service_study":{"value":{"use_range_end":1,"reserve_gross_days":1,"line_capacity_margin":1.25,"impaired_recycle_pct":50},"from":"H-14"}}},"03-02":{"title":"Landing pads","numbers":{"grit_kms":3,"surveyor_m":155,"surveyor_hit_kms":[0.3,2],"crater_m":1,"binder_pct":[11,20],"extrude_pct":90,"engine_n":444,"pad_inner_r_m":12,"pad_outer_r_m":27,"landing_error_m":5,"nlp_radius_m":[25,100],"sinter_f":2100,"bullseye_m":3,"pisces_pad_m":20,"pavers":100,"moon_lander_t":40,"pads_by_era":{"robots":[0,1],"crew":[2,2],"town":[2,3],"city":[4,8],"from":"P-02"},"pad_days_between_landings":{"value":4,"from":"P-02","note":"Our guess: time to patch and clear a pad after a landing (F-13)."},"look":{"from":"P-10","about":"How a landing pad looks, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws the same place (00-05 ST-20). Sizes come from world_spec (P-08) unless a part says otherwise; they pass the glance test within about a quarter. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise; Self-sustaining Mars is under eras.","words":{"inner":"03-02:world_spec.inner_diameter_m.value","outer":"03-02:world_spec.outer_diameter_m.value","apron":"03-02:world_spec.apron_diameter_m.value","berm":"03-02:world_spec.berm_height_m.value"},"place":"Out on the open plain a few kilometres downwind of the town, behind earth berms, one pad in an arc of pads round the tank farm (P-01, 03-05 V-06, 04-01-01 FC-02). Flat, almost rock-free ground (02-05 F-01, F-02).","ground":"Rust-red plain cracked into shallow ice polygons (02-05 F-05), swept clear of stones for a kilometre round each pad (03-05 V-06). Graded gravel roads with wheel ruts join the pads.","parts":[{"id":"inner","name":"The baked heart","size":"A hard disc about 24 m across, more than twice as wide as the ship","look":"Interlocking six-sided pavers of Mars soil baked hard (F-06, F-08), dark charcoal-brown with a faint glassy sheen, laid in a tight honeycomb. Scorch rings darken the middle where engines fire; a few paler new pavers show where it has been patched (F-13). A thin painted ring and a cross mark the bullseye.","facts":["F-06","F-08","F-10","F-13"]},{"id":"outer","name":"The outer ring","size":"Out to about 54 m across","look":"Stabilised soil, smooth and a shade paler than the heart, rolled flat, with a ring of low flush landing lights at its edge that glow white at dusk.","facts":["F-09","F-10"]},{"id":"apron","name":"The gravel apron","size":"Out to about 150 m across","look":"Raked grey-brown gravel that catches what the plume throws, with a short fuelling stand (a hose reel on a low white post where the buried pipeline comes up) to one side of the heart.","facts":["F-09","F-16"]},{"id":"berm","name":"The berms","size":"Earth banks about 3 m high, a broken ring round the apron with a gap for the road","look":"Smooth mounds of the digging spoil, rust-red, dust settled on their tops, each with a few warm marker lamps.","facts":[]},{"id":"ship","name":"The ship on the pad","size":"About 52 m tall and 9 m wide (01-01)","look":"Starship as the rocket pages draw it (rockets/ar/starship.glb, 05-19 PA-18): the upper stage alone, about 52 m tall and 9 m wide, brushed stainless steel with black hexagonal heat-shield tiles down its windward side, two small forward flaps near the nose and two larger aft flaps, standing on six short landing legs splayed from the skirt, each with a wide round footpad; six engines in its base (three small sea-level engines in the middle, three wide-bell vacuum engines round them). The cargo door is a clamshell high on the hull, near the top of the steel body.","facts":[]},{"id":"crew","name":"The pad crew","size":"","look":"Two people, never one (03-08 SS-05), in the white suits of 03-08 SS-13 with gold-bronze visors, with a low tracked grader robot, a microwave sintering rig on wheels (a white box with a flat glowing head over the ground) and a small gravel loader (P-03). Seen small, working side-on.","facts":[]},{"id":"tower","name":"The control tower","size":"03-05 look","look":"The port's tower, small on the horizon between the pads and the town (03-05 V-17).","facts":[]}],"palette":{"paver":"#3B2D27","scorch":"#1D1A18","outer_ring":"#9C6A4E","gravel":"#8E8077","berm":"#A2563A","light":"#FFF1D6","steel":"#C9CCD0","tile":"#1E1E22","sky_noon":"#D9A27A","sky_sunset_glow":"#9DB8D6"},"weathering":"Everything outside wears the plain: red dust banked against its foot and settled on every upward face, paler wind streaks running down from edges and bolt heads, thin dark panel seams, and scuffs where boots, hands and wheels touch. Dust is finer and lighter on what is cleaned often (hatches, grilles), heavy on what is not (radiators' feet, tank legs).","light":"Low sun, small (about two thirds of the Sun's width from Earth) in a butterscotch sky; at dusk the sky round the Sun turns blue (02-07 F-02, F-03), the ring of pad lights and the berm lamps glow, and the ship's steel takes the blue. A landing at dusk shows the engines' pale blue-violet methane flame and a low ring of dust racing outward across the apron.","eras":{"city":"Four to eight pads on an arc round the tank farm (P-02, 04-01-01 FC-02), one or two with a ship standing on them, the tower and cargo yard between them and the town.","far":"A wide ring of pads round the tank farm, ships landing and lifting off through every window, pad lights chasing round each heart at dusk."},"never":["A concrete pad with painted airport markings, or a launch tower","A ship with four legs, or with fins like an old rocket","A tall plume of flame or smoke: methane burns clear blue-violet and there is no smoke","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","Big boulders on or near the pad: the ground is swept","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles","Clean, showroom-new surfaces outside: everything outside wears dust"],"shots":[{"id":"dusk","name":"A ship on its pad at dusk","frame":"Low and three-quarter on from just inside the berm, the ship tall on its baked heart, the honeycomb pavers and scorch rings leading the eye in, the ring of pad lights glowing, the crew and sintering rig small by the edge, the tower and the town's domes small on the horizon under a blue sunset."},{"id":"above","name":"The pad from above","frame":"High and steep, the rings clear: the dark baked heart, the paler outer ring, the gravel apron and the broken ring of berms, a ship's shadow long across them."},{"id":"landing","name":"Touchdown","frame":"From the berm top at dusk, a ship settling onto the heart on its blue-violet flame, a ring of dust racing outward over the apron and stopping at the berms."}],"open":[]},"f9_landing":{"date":"21 December 2015"}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to draw a pad. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the assumption it comes from.","inner_diameter_m":{"value":24,"from":"P-08","note":"Twice F-10's inner radius (numbers.pad_inner_r_m); the template checks they agree."},"outer_diameter_m":{"value":54,"from":"P-08","note":"Twice F-10's outer radius (numbers.pad_outer_r_m); the template checks they agree."},"apron_diameter_m":{"value":150,"from":"P-08"},"berm_height_m":{"value":3,"from":"P-08"},"pads_per_port":{"value":[2,3],"from":"P-02","path":"numbers.pads_by_era.town","note":"First Town. Other eras: numbers.pads_by_era."},"distance_to_habitat_km":{"value":[3,5],"from":"P-01","note":"From the habitat to the nearest pad. Further pads stand in an arc beyond it (03-05 V-06)."}}},"03-03":{"title":"Power","numbers":{"fsp_unit":{"kwe":40,"mass_kg":6000,"life_yr":10,"stowed_m":[4,6],"dose_rem_yr":5,"dose_m":1000,"source":"nasa_fsp_2024","note":"NASA's Fission Surface Power goal: at least 40 kW of electricity, under 6,000 kg, 10 years without maintenance, under 5 rem a year above background at 1 km. The class of unit this library uses (G-02).","spacing_m":100,"spacing_note":"Our gap between town units in a field (G-14): one keep-out radius, so a crew can reach a stopped unit with its neighbours running."},"kilopower_unit":{"kwe":10,"mass_kg":1500,"core_kg":226,"u235_kg":43.7,"source":"wiki_kilopower","note":"NASA's 10 kW Kilopower design for Mars. The power is the same as 02-03 numbers.kilopower_kw; the page checks they agree."},"fsp_contracts":{"count":3,"musd_each":5,"year":2022,"done":"September 2023","source":"nasa_fsp_2024"},"oleson22":{"kwe":40,"kwt":250,"mass_kg":8929,"radiator_m2":133.4,"radiator_k":[375,395],"cable_km":1,"cable_kg":73,"cable_v":2800,"source":"oleson_2022","note":"A lunar South Pole design."},"fsp_2010":{"kwt":186,"eff_pct":26,"convertors":8,"volts_ac":400,"hz":60,"radiator_m2":185,"wing_m":[4,16],"hole_m":2,"buried_m":100,"mass_kg":5820,"source":"fsp_2010","note":"A lunar concept. radiator_m2 is the two-sided area (both faces); the panels themselves are about half that. The dose limit of 5 rem a year applies at a 100 m radius."},"lunar_2030":{"kwe":100,"lander_t":15,"ready_year":2030,"source":"ans_2026"},"sr1":{"kwe":20,"year":2028,"helicopters":3,"source":"nsf_2026","unveiled":"March 2026","white_house":"14 April 2026"},"oleson24":{"reactors":6,"kw":40,"basic_kg":5590,"cable_kg":597,"min_km":1,"source":"oleson_2024"},"chappell":{"dust_pct_sol":0.2,"tau_old":5,"studies":[{"name":"NASA 2009 (DRA 5.0)","kw":35,"fission_t":[6,8],"solar_t":22.5},{"name":"NASA 2016 (Evolvable Mars Campaign)","kw":31,"fission_t":[9,9],"solar_t":11.7},{"name":"NASA 2020 study","kw":9,"fission_t":[7.93,7.93],"solar_t":11.22}],"source":"chappell_2025"},"acr24":{"min_kw":10,"min_crew":2,"min_days":30,"sun_max_pct":45,"lit_pct":50,"source":"nasa_acr_2024"},"rucker16":{"crew":4,"day_w":31915,"night_w":26790,"reactors":4,"spares":1,"expeditions":3,"site_lat":18.9,"fission_kg":9154,"solar_kg":17815,"battery_t":3,"battery_whkg":270,"storm_days":120,"storm_tau":5,"storm_light_pct":35,"source":"rucker_2016","note":"Four crew, 31,915 W by day and 26,790 W at night. The masses are totals over three expeditions. The design storm still let through about 35% of normal sunlight."},"vl1":{"lat":22.3,"clear_wh":3860,"dusty_wh":1024,"tau_dusty":3.25,"dusty_diffuse_wh":1012,"noon_wh":477,"source":"appelbaum_1989","top_wh_clear":4442,"ls_clear":120,"ls_dusty":299,"note":"The clear sol is northern summer (Ls 120), the dusty sol northern winter (Ls 299). top_wh_clear is the same clear sol's sunlight at the top of the air (Table II). The clear sol's dust tau is read live from 02-02's clear-air figure (numbers.tau_clear), not kept here."},"insight":{"panel_m":2.15,"trick_wh":30,"trick_date":"May 2021","end_date":"December 2022","source":"wiki_insight"},"ingenuity":{"flights":72,"planned":5,"flight_w":350,"battery_wh":[35,40],"last_flight":"January 2024","source":"wiki_ingenuity","first_year":2021},"spirit":{"landed":2004,"planned_months":3,"last_contact":"22 March 2010","source":"jpl_spirit_2011"},"eds_year":2025,"iss":{"kw":[75,90],"crew":7,"source":"nasa_iss_facts"},"south_pole":{"gen_kw":750,"gens":3,"source":"brr_2023_power"},"uk_home_kwh":2500,"uk_household":2.35,"dra5_crew":6,"pombo_kw_person":[17,25],"handmer_kw_person":100,"musk_mw":[1,10],"musk_year":2019,"megapack":{"mwh":3.916,"t":38.1,"source":"wiki_megapack"},"engine_eff_pct":[28,40],"draper_c":525,"snap10a":{"year":1965,"we":600,"days":43},"viking_w":70,"mmrtg":{"w":110,"pu_kg":4.8,"life_yr":14},"pm2a":{"mwe":2,"years":[1960,1963]},"pm3a":{"mwe":1.75,"years":[1962,1972],"crew":25,"rock_t":12000},"kw_per_person":{"value":20,"first_crew":6,"from":"G-04","note":"Settlement electric load per person, everything except the fuel plant. 'value' is a settled town or city growing food under lights; 'first_crew' is NASA's first-crew figure (about 35 kW for six), used for the First Human Landing era."},"spare_pct":{"value":25,"from":"G-05"},"reactor_field_km":{"value":[1,2],"from":"G-03"},"viking_year":1976,"krusty_year":2018,"plant_field":{"to_plant_min_km":1,"to_pad_min_km":2,"from":"G-03","note":"The plant's reactor field, the first one landed: at least 1 km from the fuel plant and at least 2 km from any landing pad."},"city_unit":{"kwe":2000,"kg_per_kwe":20,"mass_kg":40000,"extra_soil_m":1.5,"spacing_m":300,"soil_tenth_m":[0.6,0.7],"note":"Our City reactor unit (G-10): megawatt-class, 2 MW of electricity at NASA's 2019 figure of about 20 kg per kW for today's multi-megawatt fission systems (F-30), so about 40 t, one cargo ship's load with room to spare. extra_soil_m is how much more soil it sits under than a town unit; soil_tenth_m is our rough rule for the soil that cuts its radiation tenfold; spacing_m is the gap between City units.","from":"G-10"},"scott19":{"mwe":2.5,"kg_per_kwe":20,"year":2019,"source":"scott_2019"},"mid_unit":{"kwe":250,"note":"The First Town's reactor (G-15): 250 kW of electricity, a size between the town unit and the City unit. Its mass per kW, mass and spacing are not typed: LIB.midUnit works them out by joining the town unit (fsp_unit) and the City unit (city_unit) on a straight line on log paper, so mass per kW falls the same way with each doubling of size.","from":"G-15"},"solar_plan":{"panel_eff_pct":25,"survival_load_pct":50,"ground_x":1.25,"wind_spacing_m":300,"note":"Our own choices for the solar-led plan (G-17, G-18). panel_eff_pct is the share of sunlight a panel turns into electricity after dust, heat and wiring. survival_load_pct is the share of its load the town keeps running in a global storm. ground_x is the ground a flat array covers for each square metre of panel (lanes for the cleaning robots). wind_spacing_m is the gap between turbines.","from":"G-17"},"hartwick":{"sites_checked":50,"sites_some":40,"kw_site":24,"kw_site_year_pct":35,"sites_a":3,"sites_b":7,"share_pct":50,"solar_alone_pct":40,"both_pct":[60,90],"turbine_kw":300,"source":"hartwick_2023","note":"Hartwick and others (2023), as reported by Space.com. kw_site is the power wind could give at the sites_a best sites for more than kw_site_year_pct% of the year; share_pct is the share of power wind alone could give at the sites_b sites in winter or dusty times (the study says 'more than 50%'); solar_alone_pct and both_pct are the share of time with power across broad regions.","from":"F-31"},"look":{"from":"G-20","about":"How a reactor unit in the field looks (00-05 ST-20). Sizes come from the named facts where they exist; the rest pass the glance test within about a quarter.","parts":{"unit":{"name":"The buried unit","look":"The reactor itself is out of sight in a hole under the ground (G-03, fsp_2010 hole and burial): what shows is a low round mound of bulldozed soil with a squat white cap at its top, a steel collar with bolted hatches and a cluster of thick cable conduits running out across the ground."},"radiator":{"name":"The radiator","look":"Beside the mound stands the unit's radiator: tall flat panels like white fins, each about 4 m by 16 m (fsp_2010 wing_m), ribbed with fine heat pipes running up their faces, standing on edge in a row on a steel spine, so heat leaves from both faces. A City unit has more panels for its larger heat (G-10). They shimmer faintly in the cold."},"ring":{"name":"The keep-out ring","look":"A ring of short posts with red lamps far out round each unit marks where people may not linger (fsp_unit dose distance). The cable runs off towards the town on low marker posts."}},"palette":{"radiator":"#F1F1EE","heat_pipe":"#C9CCD0","cap":"#E7E3DC","soil":"#A8603A","conduit":"#2E2C31","lamp":"#FF4B3A"},"weathering":"Everything outside wears the plain: red dust banked against its foot and settled on every upward face, paler wind streaks running down from edges and bolt heads, thin dark panel seams, and scuffs where boots, hands and wheels touch. Dust is finer and lighter on what is cleaned often (hatches, grilles), heavy on what is not (radiators' feet, tank legs).","light":"Afternoon light glances off the radiator fins like a row of mirrors; at dusk they hold the last of the sky and the ring's red lamps blink.","never":["Cooling towers, steam or smoke: on Mars a reactor sheds heat only by radiating it","A reactor standing in the open: it is buried (G-03)","People walking about inside the ring","The radiator lying flat on the ground","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps","Clean, showroom-new surfaces outside: everything outside wears dust"],"shots":[{"id":"fins","name":"Mirrors on the plain","frame":"Low and close along a radiator's row of white fins catching the low Sun, the mound and its cap beyond, the red lamps of the ring far off, the town a line of domes on the horizon."}],"open":[]}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to draw the reactor field and size the power. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the fact or assumption it comes from.","reactor_unit_kwe":{"value":40,"from":"F-07","path":"numbers.fsp_unit.kwe"},"reactor_unit_mass_kg":{"value":6000,"from":"F-07","path":"numbers.fsp_unit.mass_kg"},"reactor_keepout_buried_m":{"value":100,"from":"F-10","path":"numbers.fsp_2010.buried_m"},"reactor_keepout_open_m":{"value":1000,"from":"F-07","path":"numbers.fsp_unit.dose_m"},"radiator_area_m2":{"value":185,"from":"F-10","path":"numbers.fsp_2010.radiator_m2","note":"Two-sided area (both faces), from NASA's 2010 lunar concept: about 93 m² of panel."},"field_to_habitat_km":{"value":[1,2],"from":"G-03","path":"numbers.reactor_field_km.value"},"field_to_pad_min_km":{"value":2,"from":"G-03","path":"numbers.plant_field.to_pad_min_km"},"plant_field_to_plant_min_km":{"value":1,"from":"G-03","path":"numbers.plant_field.to_plant_min_km"},"kw_per_person":{"value":20,"from":"G-04","path":"numbers.kw_per_person.value"},"spare_pct":{"value":25,"from":"G-05","path":"numbers.spare_pct.value"},"solar_role":{"value":"daytime bonus, feeds the fuel plant","from":"G-07"},"city_reactor_unit_kwe":{"value":2000,"from":"G-10","path":"numbers.city_unit.kwe"},"city_reactor_unit_mass_kg":{"value":40000,"from":"G-10","path":"numbers.city_unit.mass_kg"},"city_reactor_spacing_m":{"value":300,"from":"G-10","path":"numbers.city_unit.spacing_m"},"reactor_spacing_m":{"value":100,"from":"G-14","path":"numbers.fsp_unit.spacing_m"},"mid_reactor_unit_kwe":{"value":250,"from":"G-15","path":"numbers.mid_unit.kwe"},"solar_panel_eff_pct":{"value":25,"from":"G-17","path":"numbers.solar_plan.panel_eff_pct"},"survival_load_pct":{"value":50,"from":"G-17","path":"numbers.solar_plan.survival_load_pct"},"array_ground_x":{"value":1.25,"from":"G-17","path":"numbers.solar_plan.ground_x"},"wind_spacing_m":{"value":300,"from":"G-18","path":"numbers.solar_plan.wind_spacing_m"}}},"03-04":{"title":"Fuel plant","numbers":{"atomic_weight":{"c":12.011,"h":1.008,"o":15.999},"ox_fuel_ratio":3.6,"ox_fuel_ratio_alt":3.8,"water_per_prop_t":0.5,"co2_per_prop_t":0.6,"co2_per_prop_note":"Worked out from the chemistry (F-05) at Raptor's mixture ratio (F-04), rounded to one decimal place. The page recomputes it and shows the unrounded value.","isru_mwh_per_t":11.5,"ch4_heat_kj_mol":891,"sabatier_c":[300,400],"sabatier_bar":30,"sabatier_kj_mol":165,"nobel_year":1912,"iss_sabatier_years":[2010,2017],"mav_water_kg":19700,"mav_prop_kg":38500,"mav_of":3.4,"freeze_wh_g":0.871,"moxie_kg":15,"moxie_w":300,"moxie_c":800,"moxie_first_g":5.37,"moxie_last_g":9.8,"moxie_goal_gph":6,"moxie_full_kgh":[2,3],"moxie_scaled_kw":[25,30],"moxie_scaled_kgh":2,"mav_total_t":50,"mav_o2_t":31,"mav_ch4_t":9,"brine_w":12,"oleson_prop_t":300,"oleson_months":20,"oleson_kw_total":230,"oleson_kw_prod":187,"oleson_kw_liq":42,"oleson_o2_kgh":18.5,"oleson_ch4_kgh":4.6,"oleson_prod_pallets":3,"oleson_prod_pallet_t":5.4,"oleson_liq_pallets":2,"oleson_liq_pallet_t":3.5,"oleson_plant_kg":23252,"oleson_trl":5,"oleson_cryo_n":12,"oleson_cryo_w":150,"oleson_cryo_k":90,"oleson_cryo_trl":4,"oleson_big_t":[1200,1500],"oleson_big_mwe":1,"zubrin_year":1990,"zubrin_h2_t":8,"zubrin_prop_t":112,"zubrin_months":10,"zubrin_demo_year":1993,"zubrin_demo_pct":94,"musk_year":2017,"musk_ships":2,"lox_kg_m3":1141,"lox_boil_c":-183,"lox_expand":861,"ch4_kg_m3":422.8,"ch4_boil_c":-161.5,"ksc_lox_gal":900000,"ksc_lh2_m3":4732,"ksc_lh2_d_m":25.3,"ksc_lh2_boiloff_pct":0.048,"ksc_old_boiloff_pct":0.0625,"zbo_year":2015,"mars_torr":[5,8],"faa_pad_pct":[20,10],"faa_split_lb":500000,"faa_public_k":50,"faa_traffic_x":0.6,"faa_intraline_k":18,"ch4_loc_pct":[12,14.5],"plant_to_pad_km":[2,3],"transfer_mode":"pipeline","production_mode":"nonstop","tanks_per_returning_ship":1,"look":{"from":"C-12","about":"How the fuel plant and its tank farm look (00-05 ST-20). Each tank pair holds one returning ship's load (tanks_per_returning_ship), sized from 03-01's tonnes and this file's densities: the oxygen sphere about 13 m across and the methane sphere about 12 m (03-01 ship_lox_t, ship_ch4_t over lox_kg_m3, ch4_kg_m3). Sizes pass the glance test within about a quarter.","parts":{"tanks":{"name":"The tanks","look":"Pairs of big round tanks on squat legs, one for liquid oxygen and a smaller one for liquid methane per returning ship (the oxygen is about three and a half times the methane by weight, ox_fuel_ratio, but far denser). Each sphere is white and wrapped in insulation (the cold liquid boils at lox_boil_c and ch4_boil_c), with a ring of legs braced by cross ties, a ladder and a ring walkway round its waist, valves and vent stacks on top.","size":"Oxygen sphere about 13 m across, methane about 12 m, each on legs that lift its base about 3 m off the ground: about as tall as a five-storey building"},"pipes":{"name":"The pipe racks","look":"Silver vacuum-jacketed pipes on low racks join each pair to the plant and run out under the ground towards the pads (C-07). Frost blooms where a valve is cold."},"ground":{"name":"The ground","look":"A graded pad of packed soil with a low bund round the farm."},"plant":{"name":"The plant","size":"A row of white pallets each about the size of a shipping container (F-17), with radiator wings about as long","look":"Long white insulated boxes with rounded corners in a fenced yard (C-10): the splitters that turn water into hydrogen and oxygen, the methane reactor, and the liquefiers, joined by thin silver pipes. Big flat radiator panels stand edge-on beside them, pale and ribbed. A low compressor hum is the only sign it works.","facts":["F-17","F-23","C-01","C-10"]},"intake":{"name":"The air catchers","size":"Squat white towers about 4 m tall","look":"Boxy intakes with pleated grey dust filters on every face (F-10, C-11) over cold plates where carbon dioxide freezes out as white dry-ice frost (C-02); a soft frost haze hangs round them.","facts":["F-09","F-10","C-02"]},"crew":{"name":"The plant crew","size":"","look":"Two technicians in white suits with gold-bronze visors swapping a filter cartridge, side-on and small (C-10, 03-08 SS-05).","facts":[]}},"palette":{"oxygen_tank":"#ECEAE6","methane_tank":"#9FB8CF","legs":"#C9CCD0","walkway":"#E8B23A","frost":"#F4F7FA","radiator":"#E9EEF2","pallet":"#F2F0EC"},"weathering":"Everything outside wears the plain: red dust banked against its foot and settled on every upward face, paler wind streaks running down from edges and bolt heads, thin dark panel seams, and scuffs where boots, hands and wheels touch. Dust is finer and lighter on what is cleaned often (hatches, grilles), heavy on what is not (radiators' feet, tank legs).","light":"Big pale spheres catching the sky: butterscotch by day, blue at dusk, each with a red beacon on top.","never":["Fuel stored in open pools or in cylinders lying on the ground unbraced","Flames or flares: nothing burns in Mars air","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps","Clean, showroom-new surfaces outside: everything outside wears dust"],"shots":[{"id":"farm","name":"The tank farm at dusk","frame":"A row of tank pairs on their legs against a blue sunset, frost on a valve, a pipe rack leading the eye towards the pads, a ship on its pad in the distance."},{"id":"yard","name":"The plant at golden hour","frame":"Three-quarter on and level, the air catchers and white pallets in front with their radiators, the tank pairs rising behind on their legs, a pipe rack leading off to a ship standing on its pad far away, two technicians small at a filter."}],"open":[],"place":"On the plain beyond the pads, on the far side from the town, behind earth berms (C-07, C-08), its own wells beside it (C-09).","eras":{"city":"A working yard: four to eight tank pairs in a row behind the plant, filling through the two years before each return window (C-03, C-04), a pipe rack leading off towards the pads.","far":"A long double row of tank pairs and a plant several times the size, fuelling ships for every window and the rovers on the long roads."}}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to draw the fuel plant, its tank farm and its pipe to the pads, and that 03-03 reads to size the power. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the fact or assumption it comes from.","water_per_prop_t":{"value":0.5,"from":"F-06","path":"numbers.water_per_prop_t"},"co2_per_prop_t":{"value":0.6,"from":"F-05","path":"numbers.co2_per_prop_t"},"isru_mwh_per_t":{"value":11.5,"from":"F-20","path":"numbers.isru_mwh_per_t"},"ox_fuel_ratio":{"value":3.6,"from":"F-04","path":"numbers.ox_fuel_ratio"},"production_mode":{"value":"nonstop","from":"C-03","path":"numbers.production_mode"},"plant_to_pad_km":{"value":[2,3],"from":"C-07","path":"numbers.plant_to_pad_km"},"transfer_mode":{"value":"pipeline","from":"C-07","path":"numbers.transfer_mode"},"tanks_per_returning_ship":{"value":1,"from":"C-06","path":"numbers.tanks_per_returning_ship","note":"One oxygen tank and one methane tank per returning ship per window."}}},"03-05":{"title":"Vehicles and port","numbers":{"bay_d_m":8,"bay_h_m":22,"hls_h_m":50,"cargo_lander_t":[12,15],"pr_rover_fy":2032,"moon_g_ms2":1.62,"lsms":{"tip_t":1,"reach_m":7.5,"mass_pct":3,"cycle_min":5,"heavy_t":12,"shoulder_m":3.8,"testbed_kg":309},"crawler":{"mlb":6.65,"carry_mlb":18,"mph":[1,2],"miles":4.2,"first_year":1965},"skylab":{"idea_year":1959,"dry_date":"18 July 1969","ft":[41,22],"ft3":10426,"launch":"14 May 1973","days":171},"surveyor_below_m":4.3,"heritage_km":2,"impact_site_km":0.5,"otps":{"stone_cm":[1,10],"stone_km":1.5,"lander_t":10,"hits_1km":8,"pct_5km":37,"pct_10km":10},"metzger":{"lm_ejecta_t":2.6,"lander_t":40,"payload_t":9,"ejecta_t":470,"outpost_km":2.2,"outpost_below_m":290},"moonport_km":5,"lrv":{"kg":210,"payload_kg":490,"length_m":3.1,"height_m":1.14,"top_kmh":18,"a17_km":35.9,"a17_drive_min":266,"a17_range_km":7.6,"cost_musd":[19,38],"volts":36,"amp_hours":121,"batteries":2},"ltv":{"date":"26 May 2026","clv_lb":2000,"clv_mph":6,"peg_mph":9},"lunar_cruiser":{"length_m":6,"width_m":5.2,"height_m":3.8,"living_m3":13,"crew":[2,4],"range_km":10000},"sev":{"year":2008,"wheels":12,"kmh":10,"slope_deg":40,"crew":2,"days":14,"suitport_min":10,"lava_km":140},"dra5":{"range_km":100,"walk_km":20},"zubrin":{"prop_t":11,"km":22000,"radius_km":500,"km_per_day":100},"curiosity":{"wheel_cm":50,"skin_mm":0.75,"hole_sol":411,"rip_sol":463},"spirit":{"drives":10,"inches":13,"last":"22 March 2010"},"opportunity":{"km":42.195,"date":"24 March 2015","years":11,"months":2,"lunokhod_km":39,"lunokhod_year":1973},"perseverance":{"m_per_h":120,"curiosity_m_per_h":20,"sol_record_m":347.7,"unchecked_m":699.9},"analog1":{"date":"25 November 2019","delay_s":0.8,"max_s":3},"optimus":{"height_m":1.73,"kg":57,"carry_kg":20},"spot":{"miles":1030,"days":52,"climb_ft":9300,"bladder_gal":3000,"flights":33},"unload":{"from":"V-03","safe_sols":[1,2],"lifts_per_sol":[10,20],"lift_t":[1,2],"door_m":40,"hauler_t":[5,10],"note":"Our guesses. door_m is roughly how far cargo is lowered: the cargo space sits in the upper part of a 52 m ship."},"pad_spacing_km":[1,2],"stone_zone_km":1,"yard_gap_km":[1,2],"yard_ship_spacing_m":50,"road_width_m":12,"road_speed_kmh":15,"fleet_by_era":{"from":"V-08","note":"Counts at the end of each era, our scaling. Each entry is [low, high].","robots":{"open":[2,4],"pressurised":[0,0],"crane":[1,2],"hauler":[1,2],"mover":[0,0]},"crew":{"open":[2,4],"pressurised":[0,2],"crane":[1,2],"hauler":[2,3],"mover":[0,0]},"town":{"open":[4,8],"pressurised":[2,4],"crane":[2,3],"hauler":[4,8],"mover":[1,1]},"city":{"open":[20,40],"pressurised":[6,12],"crane":[4,8],"hauler":[10,20],"mover":[1,2]}},"hls_storeys":{"value":15,"source":"nasa_hls_2024","note":"NASA's own comparison: 'about the same height as a 15-story building'."},"town_delay_s":{"value":[0.1,0.5],"from":"V-10","note":"Our guess: radio relays and computers across a few kilometres. 03-13 LC-12 uses it for driving robots live over the town's network."},"rover_designs":{"from":"V-16","note":"How Arcadia's three working rovers look and measure, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws the same machines. Sizes are our design and match the 3D models: width over the wheels, height to the top of the mast or roof. The pressurised rover is as long as lunar_cruiser. Speeds on roads are V-09's.","open":{"name":"Trail rover","role":"Two people in suits, short trips within walking range of home (V-09)","length_m":4.4,"width_m":3.6,"height_m":2.3,"wheels":4,"wheel_d_m":1.1,"crew":2,"look":"Low and wide, like a desert racing buggy crossed with Apollo's rover: four open wire-mesh wheels with titanium tread strips, long-travel suspension arms, a sculpted white composite body on a brushed titanium frame, a slim roll cage, two bucket seats shaped for suit backpacks, a gold-foil dish antenna on a mast, a light bar, a rear tray with a tool rack and a spare oxygen bottle, coral accent stripes.","wheel_note":"Wire-mesh wheels as Apollo's rover used (81.8 cm across, Wikipedia: Lunar Roving Vehicle, 2026), scaled up for a heavier rover on Mars.","model":"play/models/rover-trail.glb"},"pressurised":{"name":"Long-range rover","role":"Up to four people in shirt-sleeves for days at a time, always in pairs (V-08, V-09)","size":"numbers.lunar_cruiser","length_note":"As long as the Lunar Cruiser; narrower and lower than it, our design.","width_m":3.2,"height_m":2.9,"wheels":6,"wheel_d_m":1.4,"crew":4,"look":"A smooth rounded white cabin with a big wraparound tinted windscreen, six large tread wheels on independent suspension, a solar array on the roof, two round suitports on the side, slim light bars, small radiator fins, a brushed titanium chassis and a coral band down each side.","model":"play/models/rover-cruiser.glb"},"hauler":{"name":"Hauler","role":"Carries one standard container between the port, the yards and the town","length_m":10,"width_m":4.3,"height_m":3.9,"wheels":8,"wheel_d_m":1.4,"crew":"driven from the town, a pod for one aboard","look":"A compact rounded white driver pod with tinted windows at the front of a long titanium-grey deck on eight tread wheels, one weathered container strapped on, light bars and coral accent stripes.","model":"play/models/rover-hauler.glb"}},"look":{"from":"V-17","about":"How the port's ships, lift, crane, haulers, control tower, yard, rovers and roads look (00-05 ST-20). The tower is our design: no file sizes it. Rover sizes are rover_designs; the ship is 01-01's, drawn as the rocket pages draw it. First Landing's own look is 04-01-01's.","parts":{"tower":{"name":"The control tower","look":"A slim printed tower about 20 m tall between the town and the pads, its shaft printed from soil with fine layer lines and a stair core, topped by a wide glass cab that leans outward towards the pads, a white roof ring, antenna masts, a radar dish and a red beacon. Inside the cab warm screens glow. A low printed building at its foot houses the crew who run the pads."},"yard":{"name":"The cargo yard","look":"Stacked cargo containers in several colours under a yellow gantry crane, a cargo rover waiting."},"ship":{"name":"A landed ship","look":"Starship as the rocket pages draw it (rockets/ar/starship.glb, 05-19 PA-18): the upper stage alone, about 52 m tall and 9 m wide, brushed stainless steel with black hexagonal heat-shield tiles down its windward side, two small forward flaps near the nose and two larger aft flaps, standing on six short landing legs splayed from the skirt, each with a wide round footpad; six engines in its base (three small sea-level engines in the middle, three wide-bell vacuum engines round them). The cargo door is a clamshell high on the hull, near the top of the steel body."},"lift":{"name":"The crew lift","look":"An open white basket with a waist-high rail and a coral stripe, riding twin cables from a small boom beside the cargo door down the ship's flank to the gravel apron (F-02, V-02)."},"crane":{"name":"The folding crane","look":"A slim white jointed arm of the Langley type (F-04) folded out at the cargo door, lowering a big white crate on cables; later a heavier crane on tracks on the apron (V-02)."},"hauler":{"name":"The hauler","look":"rover_designs.hauler: a rounded white driver pod at the front of a long titanium-grey deck on eight tread wheels, one weathered container strapped on, about 10 m long."},"rovers":{"name":"The rovers","look":"rover_designs: the low two-seat Trail rover with wire-mesh wheels and a gold dish antenna, the smooth white Long-range rover with its wraparound windscreen and suitports, and the Hauler. White composite, brushed titanium, coral stripes, dust thickest low down."},"roads":{"name":"The roads","look":"Graded, rolled gravel about 12 m wide (V-11), a shade paler than the plain, with twin wheel ruts, lit marker posts every few hundred metres and the buried power line's small yellow markers beside it."},"bays":{"name":"The charging bays","look":"Low printed sheds of rust-coloured soil with round roll-up doors, a coral stripe and a lit sign, where rovers charge out of the dust (V-12)."}},"palette":{"shaft":"#B98F72","cab_glass":"#2A333C","roof":"#F2F0EC","beacon":"#FF4B3A","crane":"#E8B23A","steel":"#C9CCD0","tile":"#1E1E22","rover_white":"#F4F2EE","coral":"#E0825E"},"weathering":"Everything outside wears the plain: red dust banked against its foot and settled on every upward face, paler wind streaks running down from edges and bolt heads, thin dark panel seams, and scuffs where boots, hands and wheels touch. Dust is finer and lighter on what is cleaned often (hatches, grilles), heavy on what is not (radiators' feet, tank legs).","light":"By day the cab mirrors the sky; at dusk and night it glows warm from inside and the beacon blinks.","never":["An airport tower from Earth with flags and windsocks","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps","Clean, showroom-new surfaces outside: everything outside wears dust","A ship with four legs, or with fins like an old rocket","Rovers with car doors, rubber tyres or headlights like a road car","A paved tarmac road with painted lines","Anyone climbing a ship's side, or walking under a load on the crane"],"shots":[{"id":"watch","name":"The ship comes in","frame":"From the tower's foot looking up past the lit cab to a ship descending on its flame towards the pad."},{"id":"unloading","name":"Unloading day","frame":"Low and three-quarter on at golden hour, a ship tall on its pad, the crew lift halfway down its flank with two people in it, the folding crane at the cargo door lowering a white crate, a hauler waiting on the apron with its container, two crew guiding it, the tower small behind."},{"id":"road","name":"The road home","frame":"Low beside a graded road at golden hour, the three rovers in a line towards the camera (Trail rover leading, Long-range rover, Hauler with its container), dust trailing, marker posts leading back to the town's domes and a ship on its pad on the horizon."}],"open":[],"eras":{"city":"A working port: a ship on its pad with the lift down and the crane lowering crates, haulers queueing on the road, rovers in pairs, First Landing visible to the south (04-01-01 FC-10).","far":"A busy port: ships landing and lifting off every window, a ship yard of stripped hulls in neat rows (V-07), long-range rovers on roads that run to the horizon."}},"apollo15":{"date":"31 July 1971","km":27.9}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to lay out a port and its vehicles. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Pad sizes and the town distance belong to 03-02. Each entry names the assumption it comes from.","pad_spacing_km":{"value":[1,2],"from":"V-06","path":"numbers.pad_spacing_km"},"stone_zone_km":{"value":1,"from":"V-06","path":"numbers.stone_zone_km"},"yard_gap_km":{"value":[1,2],"from":"V-06","path":"numbers.yard_gap_km"},"yard_ship_spacing_m":{"value":50,"from":"V-04","path":"numbers.yard_ship_spacing_m"},"road_width_m":{"value":12,"from":"V-11","path":"numbers.road_width_m"},"road_speed_kmh":{"value":15,"from":"V-09","path":"numbers.road_speed_kmh"},"open_rover_radius_km":{"value":10,"from":"V-09","note":"Half of DRA 5.0's walking range (numbers.dra5.walk_km); the template checks they agree."},"pressurised_rover_radius_km":{"value":50,"from":"V-09","note":"Half of DRA 5.0's range before resupply (numbers.dra5.range_km); the template checks they agree."},"ship_mover_speed_kmh":{"value":1.6,"from":"V-05","note":"The crawler's loaded speed (numbers.crawler.mph[0]) in km/h, rounded; the template checks they agree."}}},"03-06":{"title":"Habitats","numbers":{"cover_m":3,"cover_note":"Burial depth of every living space, from the top of the pressure shell to the surface. 02-01 S-18 chose 3 m and said the depth moves to this file; HA-01 now owns it.","soil_kg_m3":[1200,1600],"ring":{"d_m":9,"h_m":1.83,"t_mm":3.97,"density_t_m3":8,"density_note":"Stainless steel weighs about 8 t per cubic metre (Wikipedia, SAE 304 stainless steel), used only for HA-03's rough shell mass."},"ss304_mpa":[210,1050],"beam":{"launch":"8 April 2016","expand":"28 May 2016","hours":7,"bursts":25,"burst_s":147,"kg":1413,"l_m":4.01,"d_m":3.23,"m3":16,"nasa_owns":"December 2021","test_years":2,"grow_cm":170},"transhab":{"d_m":8.2,"packed_d_m":4.3,"l_m":11,"m3":339.8,"kg":13154,"floors":4,"ban_year":2000},"b330_m3":330,"genesis_years":[2006,2007],"bigelow_staff":88,"cohen_lighter_pct":[30,50],"cohen_year":1997,"sierra":{"margin_pct":27,"year":2024},"ice_house":{"year":2015,"light_pct":50,"people":[2,4]},"hab_challenge":{"usd":2061023,"years":[2015,2019]},"spacex":{"domes_year":2012,"ships_year":2018},"nhv_cq_m3":5.4,"iss_cq_m3":2.1,"nhv_areas":7,"cq_test":{"l_m":2,"h_m":0.85,"w_m":0.9,"people":8,"days":11,"year":2021},"m500_module":{"d_m":3.6,"l_m":20,"cabins":6,"cabin_m2":3},"nakagin":{"year":1972,"capsules":140,"dims_m":[2.5,2.5,4],"window_m":1.3,"demolished":2022},"capsule_inn_year":1979,"uk_min_m2":{"shower":37,"bath":39,"year":2015},"b2":{"m2":12700,"years":[1991,1993]},"ohio":{"officers":15,"enlisted":140,"patrol_days":[70,90],"per_bunk":[2,3]},"pole":{"year":2008,"m2":7400,"summer":150,"winter":[39,50],"snow_cm":20},"halley":{"year":2013,"modules":8,"moved_km":23,"moved_year":2017},"cq_acoustic":{"vol_pct":13,"mass_pct":6,"nc":40},"spektr_year":1997,"permafrost":{"pile_m":15,"gravel_m":[1,2],"damaged_pct":80,"year":2022},"m3_per_person":{"value":120,"first_crew":50,"town":80,"source":"HA-04","note":"Habitable living space per person, not counting farms, workshops, machine rooms or airlocks. 'value' is the City (the world we show); 'first_crew' and 'town' are the earlier eras. 03-09 reads this for air volume per person."},"hab_share":0.6,"hab_share_note":"Share of a module's pressurised volume that is living space (HA-03). The space station's share is read live from 01-02.","vault":{"d_m":9,"l_m":50,"sections":4,"floor_below_centre_m":2.25,"floor_note":"How far the floor sits below the shell's centre line (HA-03): a quarter of the diameter, so the floor is about 7.8 m wide where it meets the shell and the room is about 6.75 m tall in the middle. 03-10 reads it for the farm racks (GF-15) and the city viewer for its floors."},"private_m3":{"crew":9,"town":20,"city":60},"viewing_h_per_sol":1,"section_exits":2,"cover_deep_m":5,"cover_deep_note":"Cover over the deep family rows (HA-13): the trench is cut 2 m deeper into frozen ground, so the mound on top, and the spacing of the rows, stay the same.","look":{"from":"HA-16","about":"How Arcadia City's homes look, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws the same places (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named; they pass the glance test within about a quarter. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","words":{"cover":"03-06:numbers.cover_m","vd":"03-06:numbers.vault.d_m","vl":"03-06:numbers.vault.l_m","roof":"03-10:worked_out.roof_water_m"},"places":{"rows":{"name":"The buried rows","outside":"Long, low, rounded mounds of rust-red soil about {vl} m long, in parallel rows, each over a steel vault {vd} m across under {cover} m of soil (HA-01, HA-03). Along each mound's crest stand skylight wells: a raised white collar with a glass cap over a mirror-lined shaft. At each end an entrance porch: a printed airlock with a lamp, a small window, and a canopy over a grille where you stamp and brush dust off a suit that is already sealed (03-07). No spare suit hangs in the open. Graded paths with boot prints between the rows. Close up the mound is never smooth: lumpy, sandbag-like soil with stones in it, wind ripples and boot paths, the skylight collars standing on low steel rims with a hinged dust cover and a bolted glass dome.","inside":"A round steel vault: the floor about 7.8 m wide where it meets the curved shell and about 6.75 m tall in the middle (numbers.vault). Just inside the hatch, still in the row's air, the suit room holds the rack of spare suits (03-07): you dress there and seal the helmet before the outer door opens. Beyond it, white and warm-wood panels, soft white light, daylight falling from a skylight well, screens and periscopes showing the sky outside (HA-08), doors into private rooms down both sides (HA-06). Quiet, curved and well lit. Down the middle a street of wooden boards with a long runner, trees in round planters under each skylight well where the daylight falls, benches, and string lights crossing the ceiling; the homes' fronts face each other along both sides, each with its door, a lit window, a house plate and a pot by the door, and a terrace with plants on its roof."},"domes":{"name":"The dome neighbourhoods","outside":"A great glass dome on a low sealed rim, its roof two skins of glass holding about {roof} m of water that glows deep blue (03-10 GF-17, HA-14), white printed homes visible through it, joined to the buried town by a tunnel (HA-15). The dome stands on a heavy foundation ring wall of printed soil about 1.5 m tall, with an earth berm heaped against it outside; its glass is carried by a triangulated frame of slim white struts, and its walk-in locks (03-07 AD-13) stand out from the ring wall.","inside":"One- and two-storey homes printed from Mars soil, soft curves with fine ribbed print lines, flat roofs used as terraces and roof gardens, big windows, in a ring round a small square or park with paved streets of pressed soil and lamps (HA-15). People in everyday clothes. Light comes through the water roof softened and moving, rippling across walls and paving like light under a shallow sea. In The First Martian City the first dome is still filling: some plots empty, a home being printed (HA-15). Close up the homes show their printed layers, deep-set window and door frames, sills, door numbers, lamps by the doors and the clutter of living: pots, bikes, boots by the door, chalk on the paving."},"your_room":{"name":"Your room","inside":"A small bedroom at the back of a home in the first dome, its big window looking out over the plain to the ship: a low wooden bed with a white duvet and a rust-coloured throw, a bedside table with a lamp, a tall plant, a wall shelf with books and a photograph of Earth, a wall screen saying good morning. Soft light from the window, warm from the lamp."}},"palette":{"printed_wall":"#D9A07A","white":"#F4F2EE","graphite":"#2E2C31","coral":"#E0825E","warm_wood":"#B98A5E","water_roof":"#3F8FC9","soil":"#B4643C","lamp":"#FFD9A8"},"light":"Outside: butterscotch sky by day, blue round the Sun at dusk (02-07 F-02), skylight collars and porch lamps glowing warm, the domes glowing blue from within. Inside the domes: daylight through the water roof, blue and moving, warm lamps at dusk.","eras":{"city":"Mostly buried rows; the first dome neighbourhood, still filling up (HA-14, HA-15).","far":"About half the people under three full domes with grown trees, a park and a lake; the buried rows remain for families with young children (HA-14)."},"never":["Windows in a buried row's walls (only skylight wells and periscopes, HA-08)","Homes standing in the open air outside a dome, or a dome without its water roof","Soil heaped straight on a home with no shell under it (HA-02)","Pitched roofs, chimneys or gutters: it never rains","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles outside","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","People posed for the camera or staring at it","A smooth, perfect mound or a dome rising straight out of bare ground with no ring wall"],"shots":[{"id":"two_ways","name":"Two ways to live, at dusk","frame":"From the plain at dusk: the buried rows' long mounds in front, skylight collars and porch lamps glowing warm, a suited person walking to a porch; behind them the first dome neighbourhood glowing blue through its water roof, printed homes and terraces visible inside, the sky blue round the setting Sun."},{"id":"square","name":"The square under the water roof","frame":"Inside a dome at street level: printed homes round a small square, roof gardens, people in everyday clothes, rippling blue light on the paving."},{"id":"row","name":"Inside a row","frame":"Down the length of a vault: warm panels, doors either side, a shaft of daylight from a skylight well."},{"id":"cut_row","name":"Two ways to live, with a row cut open","frame":"The two_ways shot at dusk, with the nearest buried row sliced open crosswise near its front end: the round steel vault mostly below ground level, a thick band of soil over its top about a third of the vault's width, a skylight shaft rising through the soil to its collar, and inside a warm room with a wooden floor a little below the middle of the circle and people at a table, small against the room. Used for How Arcadia does it, where the room under the soil is otherwise out of sight."}],"open":[],"weathering":"Everything outside wears the plain: red dust banked against its foot and settled on every upward face, paler wind streaks running down from edges and bolt heads, thin dark panel seams, and scuffs where boots, hands and wheels touch. Dust is finer and lighter on what is cleaned often (hatches, grilles), heavy on what is not (radiators' feet, tank legs). Inside the domes things are clean but lived in."}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step can read to draw buried habitats, their cover and their size. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the fact or assumption it comes from.","cover_m":{"value":3,"from":"HA-01","path":"numbers.cover_m"},"vault_diameter_m":{"value":9,"from":"HA-03","path":"numbers.vault.d_m"},"vault_length_m":{"value":50,"from":"HA-03","path":"numbers.vault.l_m"},"inflatable_diameter_m":{"value":8.2,"from":"HA-03","path":"numbers.transhab.d_m"},"inflatable_length_m":{"value":11,"from":"HA-03","path":"numbers.transhab.l_m"},"m3_per_person":{"value":120,"from":"HA-04","path":"numbers.m3_per_person.value","note":"City. First crew and First Town values are in numbers.m3_per_person."},"m3_per_person_first_crew":{"value":50,"from":"HA-04","path":"numbers.m3_per_person.first_crew"},"living_share":{"value":0.6,"from":"HA-03","path":"numbers.hab_share"},"vault_floor_below_centre_m":{"value":2.25,"from":"HA-03","path":"numbers.vault.floor_below_centre_m"},"cover_deep_m":{"value":5,"from":"HA-13","path":"numbers.cover_deep_m"}}},"03-07":{"title":"Airlocks, suitports and dust","numbers":{"look":{"from":"AD-13","about":"How Arcadia City's ways in look, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws the same porches, locks and suit racks (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named; they pass the glance test within about a quarter.","parts":{"porch":{"name":"The porch","look":"A roofed porch in front of every lock (AD-01): a printed soil shell with soft rounded corners and fine print lines, a flat canopy on two slim posts over a steel floor grille where boots are stamped and brushed (AD-04), a pair of dust-shield panels like dark glass tiles beside the hatch with fine gold wire lines, and a blow-off nozzle on a short hose. A warm lamp over the hatch, a small round window beside it. No spare suit hangs here. You stand on this porch already sealed, and brush the dust off before the hatch opens."},"hatch":{"name":"The hatch","look":"A rounded hatch {hatch_w} by {hatch_h} m (AD-02) in a thick white frame like a ship's door, set over a raised sill you step over, with a heavy hinge on one side, a central wheel and a pressure-equalising valve, a small viewport, and a ring of status lights round the frame: green when the pressure is even, amber while the lock cycles. The frame's seal is warm, so it never frosts (AD-02)."},"lock":{"name":"The lock","look":"Behind the hatch a short chamber for {pair} people (AD-02): a ribbed white wall, a strip light along the ceiling, a vacuum and magnet wand on a hook (AD-04), a grille floor. From outside it reads as a short rounded box on the porch's back."},"dome_gate":{"name":"A dome's walk-in lock","look":"Where a neighbourhood dome meets the plain, a short walk-through lock (AD-13): a tunnel of white ribbed rings about 4.5 m wide and 4 m tall built through the dome's foundation ring wall, its outer face a thick round-cornered collar, two sliding inner and outer doors with status lights down their edges, a floor grille in front, a dust-shield panel either side and a lamp over the door. The ribs show on the outside as a row of raised hoops."},"suit_rack":{"name":"The suit rack","look":"In the suit room, on the house side of the lock, still in breathable air (AD-01, AD-04): a rack of spare suits on a steel frame, white suits hanging by their backpacks, helmets on a shelf above, boots in a tray below. You climb into a suit here and seal the helmet before the outer hatch opens. Dust on the boots and lower legs is what a suit brings back from the porch, where it was brushed while already sealed. Spare suits are what a visitor or a returning worker takes if a check fails; the suits themselves follow 03-08. An empty suit never hangs in the open."}},"palette":{"printed_wall":"#E2CDB6","white":"#F2F0EC","graphite":"#2E2C31","coral":"#E0825E","status_green":"#7DFF8A","status_amber":"#FFB347","grille":"#3A3532","dust":"#9C5A35","lamp":"#FFD9A8"},"weathering":"Everything outside wears the plain: red dust banked against its foot and settled on every upward face, paler wind streaks running down from edges and bolt heads, thin dark panel seams, and scuffs where boots, hands and wheels touch. Dust is finer and lighter on what is cleaned often (hatches, grilles), heavy on what is not (radiators' feet, tank legs).","light":"By day the porch is in its own canopy's shade with the hatch's ring of lights the brightest thing in it. At dusk the lamp over the hatch throws a warm pool on the grille and the window glows.","never":["A plain box with a flat door: every way in has its porch, grille and hatch (AD-01, AD-04)","A hatch that opens outward into the air on the low-pressure side (AD-02)","Suits taken into the living space (02-01 S-13)","Empty suits hanging in the open, outside the lock: you dress in the suit room and seal the helmet before the outer hatch opens","A door with no lights or window: people must see whether it is safe","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps","Clean, showroom-new surfaces outside: everything outside wears dust"],"shots":[{"id":"porch_dusk","name":"Coming home at dusk","frame":"Two suited people on a porch's grille under its canopy, one brushing the other's legs, the hatch's ring of lights amber while it cycles, the lamp warm, the mound behind dark against a blue sunset."},{"id":"dome_gate","name":"The way into the neighbourhood","frame":"From the plain at street height: a dome's walk-in lock, its ribbed tunnel and lit doors, the blue water roof rising behind it, a suited figure walking in."}],"open":[]},"voskhod":{"year":1965,"volga_m3":2.5,"inflate_min":7,"eva_min":12,"eva_s":9},"quest":{"year":2001,"m3":34,"len_m":5.5,"d_m":4},"iss_reclaim":{"year":2008,"min":45,"kw":1},"bishop":{"year":2020,"m3":4},"polaris":{"year":2024,"depress_min":30,"people":4,"open_min":26,"open_s":40,"psi_from":14.5,"psi_to":8.6,"days":3},"apollo1":{"year":1967,"open_min":5,"new_s":5},"griffin":{"year":2008,"m3":4.25,"pump_min":30,"kwh":0.133,"loss_pct":10,"crew":2},"stromgren":{"year":2023,"m3":13,"pump_min":35,"recover_pct":90,"evas_week":2,"crew":2,"eva_h":8,"overhead_min":{"airlock":[45,50],"suitlock":[30,35],"suitport":[15,20]},"resupply_kg":{"airlock_save":510,"airlock_nosave":861,"suitport_save":495,"suitport_nosave":533}},"howard":{"year":2021,"inner_m3":7.4,"outer_m3":5.9,"hatch_in":[40,60],"suits":8},"suitport":{"ussr_year":1980,"us_year":1987,"test_year":2012,"suit_psi":14.7,"chamber_psi":6.5,"alt_ft":21000,"diff_psi":8.3,"pre_eva_min":30},"nasa_dust_factor":3,"pathfinder_year":1997,"apollo_year":1969,"skylab_year":1973,"phoenix_date":"11 June 2008","gaier":{"conrad_h":8,"training_h":100,"leak_before":0.15,"leak_after":0.25,"leak_limit":0.3},"eds":{"year":2025,"glass_pct":96.6,"radiator_pct":82.1,"days":14},"hepa":{"pct":99.97,"um":0.3},"gmp_pa":10,"co2_ppm":422.8,"co2_year":2024,"entry_sequence":["porch","airlock","suit room","clean change","living space"],"lock_free_m3":5,"hatch_m":[1,1.5],"recover_to_pct":10,"pump_min":15,"cycle_min":30,"clean_min":20,"gas_loss_kg_per_cycle":0.44,"gas_loss_note":"Worked out from the lock's free volume (AD-02), the share left when pumping stops (AD-03), 03-09's cabin pressure and oxygen share, and 03-09 LS-02's buffer gas of nitrogen and argon in Mars air's proportions (02-01 F-06), at 20°C. The page recomputes it live and warns if the two stop agreeing.","suitport_gap_l":10,"suitports_per_lock":4,"service_cycles_per_lock_sol":1,"outing_h":6,"pair":2,"cascade_pa":[0,10,20],"door_day_h":14,"busy_min":{"airlock":80,"suitport":40},"pairs_at_once":{"airlock":1,"suitport":2},"ways_out_min":2,"load_share":0.5,"rovers_per_port":2,"emergency_people":12},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to draw a town entrance and its locks. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the assumption it comes from.","entry_sequence":{"value":["porch","airlock","suit room","clean change","living space"],"from":"AD-01","path":"numbers.entry_sequence"},"lock_free_m3":{"value":5,"from":"AD-02","path":"numbers.lock_free_m3"},"hatch_m":{"value":[1,1.5],"from":"AD-02","path":"numbers.hatch_m","note":"Width and height of a people hatch."},"cycle_min":{"value":30,"from":"AD-03","path":"numbers.cycle_min"},"gas_loss_kg_per_cycle":{"value":0.44,"from":"AD-03","path":"numbers.gas_loss_kg_per_cycle"},"suitports_per_lock":{"value":4,"from":"AD-06","path":"numbers.suitports_per_lock"},"ways_out_min":{"value":2,"from":"AD-09","path":"numbers.ways_out_min"}}},"03-08":{"title":"Spacesuits","numbers":{"suit_kpa":29.6,"suit_o2_pct":100,"suit_mass_kg":60,"eva_h_max":8,"eva_h_plan":6,"eva_reserve_h":0.5,"entry":"rear","spare_factor":1.5,"emu":{"kpa":29.6,"psi":4.3,"first_year":1982,"contract_year":1974,"built":18,"left":11,"design_years":15,"age_years_2021":45,"iss_kg":144.7,"hours":8.5,"service_years":6,"service_evas":25,"evas_2017":204,"incidents_2017":27},"a7l":{"kpa":25.5,"psi":3.7,"total_kg":91,"a7lb_total_kg":96.2,"hours":6,"a7lb_hours":7,"layers":13},"moonwalks":[["Apollo 11","2:31:40"],["Apollo 12","3:56:03"],["Apollo 12","3:49:15"],["Apollo 14","4:47:50"],["Apollo 14","4:34:41"],["Apollo 15","6:32:42"],["Apollo 15","7:12:14"],["Apollo 15","4:49:50"],["Apollo 16","7:11:02"],["Apollo 16","7:23:09"],["Apollo 16","5:40:03"],["Apollo 17","7:11:53"],["Apollo 17","7:36:56"],["Apollo 17","7:15:08"]],"metabolic_kcal_h":[100,500],"orlan":{"kpa":40,"kg":110,"hours":7,"height_cm":[165,190],"life_years":[5,6],"life_evas":[15,20],"don_min":5,"first":"20 December 1977"},"leonov":{"berkut_kpa":[27.4,40.6],"temp_rise_c":1.8,"temp_min":20},"parmitano":{"min":92,"litres":[1,1.5]},"dyson_min":31,"iss_evas":{"n":245,"hours":1548.43,"date":"2 December 2021"},"longest_eva":{"min":546,"date":"17 December 2024"},"solovyev":{"evas":16,"hours":82.37},"xemu":{"spent_musd":420.1,"planned_musd":625.2,"flight_suits":2,"all_suits":6,"ready":"April 2025"},"axemu_test_h":850,"artemis":{"a3_year":2027,"a4_when":"early 2028","a4_crew":2},"citadel":{"glove_c":-213,"chamber_c":-223,"pole_c":-248},"polaris":{"isaacman_s":476,"gillis_s":435,"km":730},"mit_coil_c":[60,160],"sherloc_fabrics":4,"reid":{"pct":57,"onycholysis":25},"opperman":{"n":232,"in":9,"pct":[19.6,5.6]},"triple_bar":0.0061,"swme":{"vac_w":810,"vac_h":800,"mars_w":370},"prebreathe":{"shuttle_min":45,"iss_h":4,"campout_kpa":70}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine (00-02) reads to draw and animate people outside. The format belongs to the engine; the numbers belong to this file. Each names the fact or assumption it comes from.","suit_kpa":{"value":29.6,"unit":"kPa","from":"SS-02","path":"numbers.suit_kpa"},"suit_mass_kg":{"value":60,"unit":"kg","from":"SS-04","path":"numbers.suit_mass_kg"},"eva_h_max":{"value":8,"unit":"hours","from":"SS-05","path":"numbers.eva_h_max"},"entry":{"value":"rear","from":"SS-01","path":"numbers.entry","note":"The back of the suit docks to a suitport (03-07)."}}},"03-09":{"title":"Life support","numbers":{"cabin_kpa":65,"o2_pct":30,"co2_kg_person_day":1.08,"ewert":{"body_kg":82,"exercise_min":90,"resp_water_kg":2.53,"sweat_kg":0.51,"urine_kg":1.4,"drink_kg":2.79},"explore":{"psia":8.2,"o2_pct":34,"old_psia":8,"old_o2_pct":32,"alt_m":[1213,1265],"ams_pct":10},"shuttle":{"psia":10.2,"o2_pct":26.5,"missions":34},"iss_atm":{"psia":14.7,"o2_pct":21},"apollo":{"psia":5,"o2_pct":100},"skylab":{"psia":5,"o2_pct":70},"apollo1":{"psi":16.7,"year":1967,"crew":3,"launch_o2_pct":60},"nesc":{"year":2026,"subsystems":33,"ok_shuttle":9,"ok_explore":3,"change_shuttle_pct":21,"change_explore_pct":70,"tested_o2_pct":30,"heat_shuttle":0.694,"heat_explore":0.565,"flow_shuttle_pct":40,"flow_explore_pct":80,"offgas_x":[1.5,2]},"prebreathe":{"min":15,"eva_h":6,"suit_kpa":29.6,"dcs_pct":8.4},"mars_transit":{"psia":14.7,"o2_pct":21,"alt_psia":10.2,"alt_o2_pct":26.5,"crew":4,"days":1200},"co2_limit_mmhg":3,"indoor_co2_mmhg":[0.608,0.76],"headache_mmhg":[2.8,4.5],"cole_mmhg":1.5,"apollo13":{"co2_mmhg":14.9,"after_mmhg":1,"design_crew":2,"design_days":2,"used_crew":3,"used_days":4},"oga":{"max_kg_day":9.25,"base_lb_day":1.874,"crew_max":10.88,"typical_pct":[30,60],"since":2007,"years":19,"total_kg":15610,"aoga_spares_kg":280},"vika":{"litres":600,"hours":24,"c":[450,500],"burn_min":[5,20]},"mir_fire":{"year":1997,"crew":6,"burn":["90 seconds","14 minutes"],"smoke_min":45},"elektron":{"fails":[2004,2005,2006,2020]},"amine_since":"late 1950s","cdra":{"units":2,"issues":[2008,2012]},"upa":{"kg_day":9,"crew":6,"design_pct":85,"real_pct":70},"bios3":{"m3":315,"crew":3,"days":180,"years":[1972,1973],"water_pct":85,"chlorella_m2":8,"plants_pct":25},"b2":{"o2_start":20.9,"o2_low":14.5,"months":16,"alt_m":4080,"crew":8,"co2_day_ppm":600,"co2_winter_ppm":[4000,4500]},"iss_volume_m3":1005,"iss_crew":7,"prk":{"since":2019,"start_kg_day":0.45,"peak_kg_day":1.7,"peak_year":2024},"tireless":{"year":2007,"killed":2},"valujet":{"year":1996},"buffer_from":"Mars air, left over when the fuel plant freezes out carbon dioxide","co2_target_mmhg":2,"ls_kw_person":1,"reserve_days":30,"refuge_days":7,"low_alt_m":3000,"low_alt_note":"A comparison height chosen by us, the height of a high mountain town. Used only to show how long the room's own oxygen lasts.","look":{"from":"LS-13","about":"How Arcadia City's air plant looks, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws the same place (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named; they pass the glance test within about a quarter. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","places":{"hall":{"name":"A district air plant","inside":"A long buried hall under a ribbed steel vault, lit by rows of white strip lights (LS-12: from the City, several district plants). Down one side, a row of tall white water-splitting cells, each a column taller than a person with steel bands and thin blue and grey pipes (LS-04, F-14). Down the middle aisle, waist-high grey cabinets with grilles and small green lights: the carbon dioxide removers, at least two for every load (LS-05, F-20). Along the other side, a thick white pipe furred with frost carries liquid oxygen from the reserve tanks (LS-11), with a little cold mist round it. Big blue ducts under the ceiling carry the mixed air out to the homes. A raised steel walkway with a railing, where one or two workers in light everyday work clothes check a control panel. A round window high in the wall looks out on the plain.","outside":"Only the soil mound of a buried row, its air intakes and a pair of round liquid oxygen tanks half buried beside it."},"room":{"name":"The air you breathe","inside":"Any home, square or dome: nothing to see but people breathing easily with their helmets off, plants on the terraces and a small grille in the wall where the air comes in, at the pressure and oxygen LS-01 sets."}},"palette":{"cell_white":"#F2F2EF","steel":"#9AA0A6","duct_blue":"#2F6FD0","frost":"#F4F8FB","cabinet_grey":"#BFC3C7","status_green":"#4BD37B","window_mars":"#E0A06A"},"light":"Cool clean white light along the hall with warm light from the window; the frost pipe glows softly and breathes a thin mist. Calm, quiet, spotless.","eras":{"city":"District air plants under the city, each able to carry its district alone (LS-12).","far":"The same machines, with the farms and gardens now adding their spare oxygen through life support (LS-08)."},"never":["People breathing outside without a suit, or anyone outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","Plants as the only source of air: machines carry the whole load (LS-08)","Open flames, oxygen candles in use, or smoke","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps","Dirty, rusty or cluttered machinery: the air plant is the cleanest room in the city","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles through the window","People posed for the camera or staring at it"],"shots":[{"id":"hall","name":"Down the air plant","frame":"Down the length of a district air plant: the water-splitting cells on the left, the removers down the middle aisle, the frosted oxygen pipe low on the right, blue ducts overhead, two workers small on the walkway, a round window onto the plain."}],"open":[]}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine reads for the inside air of every habitat, tunnel and rover: used for sound, breath and fog effects, and read by 03-06, 03-07 and 03-08. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file.","cabin_kpa":{"value":65,"from":"LS-01","path":"numbers.cabin_kpa"},"o2_pct":{"value":30,"from":"LS-01","path":"numbers.o2_pct"},"co2_target_mmhg":{"value":2,"from":"LS-03","path":"numbers.co2_target_mmhg"}}},"03-10":{"title":"Greenhouses and food","numbers":{"wheeler":{"o2_m2":[20,25],"food_m2":50,"dli_mol":[30,40],"kcal":2500,"source":"wheeler_2020","note":"NASA's crop scientist Ray Wheeler's summary of findings from the Biomass Production Chamber and related tests: with about 30 to 40 mol of plant light per m² a day, about 20 to 25 m² of crops supply one person's oxygen and about 50 m² their dietary calories (2,500 kcal a day)."},"bpc":{"m2":20,"m3":113,"shelves":4,"lamps":96,"lamp_w":400,"fans":2,"fan_kw":40,"co2_ppm":[1000,1200],"years":[1988,2000],"days":1200,"dry_kg":481,"edible_kg":196,"o2_kg":540,"water_kg":94700,"co2_kg":739,"par":[510,930],"yields":[{"crop":"Wheat","g":[23,40]},{"crop":"Potato","g":[22,33]},{"crop":"Tomato","g":[13,20]},{"crop":"Soybean","g":[10,16]},{"crop":"Lettuce","g":[6,8]}],"wheat_co2_g_day":860,"wheat_l_m2_day":4.5,"wheat_l_day":[90,120],"ethylene_ppb":{"wheat":120,"soybean":60,"lettuce_potato":[40,50]},"note":"yields are grams of dry plant matter per m² per day, as NASA's 2020 summary gives them. The lamps were dimmable, so 96 x 400 W is the most they could draw, not what they always drew.","wheat_days":[64,86],"potato_days":[90,105],"d_m":3.5,"h_m":7},"led":{"blue_red":3,"white_red":[2.5,2.8],"limit_blue_red":4.1,"limit_white_red":3.4,"year":2020,"patent_year":1990,"source":"kusuma_2020"},"salisbury_light":"two-thirds","eden":{"m2":12.5,"kg":268,"days":286,"year":2018,"crew":10,"ppfd":[330,600],"photoperiod_h":17,"varieties":26},"lunar_palace":{"m2":69,"crew":3,"food_pct":55,"days_2014":105,"days_365":370,"teams":2,"team_size":4,"year":2014,"m2_wiki":58},"biosphere2":{"m2":2500,"crew":8,"years":[1991,1993],"diet_pct":83,"weight_loss_pct":16,"o2_start_pct":20.9,"o2_low_pct":14.5,"o2_months":16,"o2_alt_m":4080},"bios3":{"m3":315,"crew":3,"days":180,"years":[1972,1973],"kw":400,"lamp_kw":20,"chlorella_m2":8},"veggie":{"w":90,"kg":8,"launch":2014,"grow_days":33,"eaten_year":2015},"food_shelf":{"target_yr":5,"thermo_yr":[0,8]},"wamelink":{"species":14,"days":50,"year":2014},"stone_wool_c":1600,"vfarm":{"aerofarms_founded":2004,"aerofarms_ch11":"8 June 2023","bowery_raised_musd":472,"bowery_value_busd":2.3,"bowery_closed":"November 2024"},"water_latent_j_g":2257,"m2_per_person":{"value":50,"from":"GF-02","path_note":"Growing area (crop area on the shelves) for one person fed entirely from the farm. Floor area is this divided by the shelf tiers."},"tiers":[3,4],"support_x":[1.3,1.5],"farm_kw_per_person":{"value":10,"range":[8,12],"from":"GF-03","note":"Electricity for one person's whole diet grown under lamps: lamps plus fans, pumps, dehumidifying and moving the heat out. The page works out the range from F-05, F-07 and GF-03; 10 is the round middle."},"grown_share_by_era":{"value":{"robots":[0,0],"crew":[0,5],"town":[10,60],"city":[90,97]},"unit":"% of food energy (calories) grown on Mars","from":"GF-04"},"reserve_months":{"value":12,"from":"GF-09"},"racks":{"depth_m":1.2,"aisle_m":0.9,"from":"GF-15","note":"Farm racks run the length of a farm vault: each rack this deep, with aisles this wide between them, across the floor where it meets the shell (03-06's floor depth). The count of racks and the planted width are worked out by the shared city model (WUMCity.farmVault), so 03-10, 03-11 and 04-01-01 can never disagree."},"look":{"from":"GF-18","about":"How Arcadia City's farms look, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws the same places (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named; they pass the glance test within about a quarter. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","words":{"cover":"03-06:numbers.cover_m","vd":"03-06:numbers.vault.d_m","tier_lo":"03-10:numbers.tiers.0","tier_hi":"03-10:numbers.tiers.1","rack":"03-10:numbers.racks.depth_m","aisle":"03-10:numbers.racks.aisle_m","roof":"03-10:worked_out.roof_water_m"},"places":{"vault":{"name":"A buried farm vault","inside":"A round steel vault {vd} m across, buried like the homes (GF-01). Racks {rack} m deep run its whole length with narrow aisles of {aisle} m between them (GF-15), each rack {tier_lo} to {tier_hi} shelves high, crops growing in flowing water with roots in stone wool (GF-01, GF-08): lettuce, wheat, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, strawberries (GF-02). The crop shelves glow magenta under red and blue lamps; the walkways have white light (GF-13). Warm and humid: condensation on the steel, misty air. Workers in light everyday work clothes and gloves. A few halls have a heavily shielded skylight with a shaft of real daylight (GF-11).","outside":"Nothing but the same soil mounds as the homes.","rooms":"In the halls people visit, each crop has its own glass-walled room (GF-14), its door open onto a white-lit walk, with a screen at the door naming the crop. Each crop grows the way it would in a modern indoor farm: lettuce in white channels of flowing water, tomatoes and beans climbing strings from low troughs to a wire overhead, wheat and rice as dense dwarf crops in deep trays (rice in shallow water), potatoes, sweet potatoes and peanuts in deep trays with clear fronts so the tubers and pods can be seen in the wool, peppers and soybeans as bushes on fewer, taller shelves, and strawberries in gutters hung from the ceiling at three heights. Above the racks the steel carries the hall's working parts: an air duct along the crown, colour-coded water, nutrient and air pipes, cable trays and mist lines. Wheat and rice glow under warm white lamps, the rest magenta.","walls":"Panelled steel, ribbed every few metres, with insulated panels between the ribs, beaded with condensation; no bare plain walls.","complex":"In The First Martian City the visitor farm is two vaults side by side joined by two cross tunnels with round pressure doors (GF-20): six rooms in the first, five in the second, the heart of the farm in the second's west end (a glowing tilapia tank, a wall of heat-exchanger plates with red and blue pipes, tonight's baskets), a nursery of seed trays under white light, and through an end tunnel a working vault: four packed racks across, its sections glowing magenta or resting in green, small carts in the aisles. Skylight shafts drop the colour of the real sky onto the walk.","outside_complex":"Two long parallel soil mounds, the second running on over the working vault, each with skylight wells every 8 m and a ridge of radiators, porches at the ends (03-11 CM-11)."},"dome":{"name":"A glass farm dome","outside":"A geodesic glass dome on a carbon-fibre frame, tied down at its rim, on the plain beside the buried farm halls (GF-16); green crops visible inside, pink-white grow lamps glowing at dusk. Small cleaning crawlers work over the outside of the glass (GF-24).","inside":"Two different farms (GF-16). The larger dome is a glasshouse of high-wire tomatoes and peppers: vines climbing strings from hanging white gutters to a wire about 4 m up, in long rows either side of a central walk, heating pipes on the floor between the rows carrying pipe rail trolleys with workers lifted among the leaves and crates of harvest, lamps glowing between and above the plants, pollinating robots on the wires (GF-22), and a clearing at the middle where a scissor platform lifts visitors above the vines (GF-26); picking robots on the pipes, a belt of crates to a packing bench at the gate end, and shade screens that close across the glass in a dust storm (GF-27). The smaller dome is a tower garden: rings of white towers studded with lettuce and strawberries round a central nutrient tank (GF-23). Butterscotch Mars daylight through the glass in both, topped up by pink-white lamps. By Self-sustaining Mars the largest domes carry about {roof} m of water in their roof and hold an orchard and fields (GF-17)."},"great_hall":{"name":"The great farm hall","inside":"One wide buried hall, about 24 m across, its printed terracotta walls between arches of dark Mars steel (GF-21). Down the middle, a fish canal with floating lettuce rafts and footbridges; either side, glass crop rooms glowing magenta and warm white; above them, two terraces of racks climbing each wall behind glass rails, workers on the galleries; six big light wells in the crown throwing columns of sky light.","outside":"One wide, low mound of dry soil with six big glass light wells along its crest and radiators on both flanks, and a small entry vault with its porch at the east end."}},"palette":{"lamp_magenta":"#D24DAA","leaf_green":"#5FA34A","white_light":"#F2F6FF","steel":"#9AA0A6","white":"#F4F2EE","coral":"#E0825E","stone_wool":"#E8E2D2"},"light":"Inside a vault: magenta crop light against cool white aisle light, glints on wet leaves and steel, soft mist. Inside a dome: butterscotch daylight through the glass, lamps pink-white. In the glasshouse dome: mist from the fog lines catching the sunlight in slanting beams, condensation beading the glass, and after dark both domes glowing on the plain (GF-25).","eras":{"city":"Most food from buried farm vaults; two glass farm domes on the surface (GF-16).","far":"Water-roofed domes with an orchard and a wheat field (GF-17); the visitor farm is one great farm hall (GF-21)."},"never":["Soil beds or Mars soil in a farm (GF-08)","Animals other than fish tanks and mealworm trays (GF-05)","Crops growing outside","A single huge open greenhouse feeding everyone: the farm is many small sealed rooms (GF-14)","Plain, bare or untextured walls in a farm hall","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles outside","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","People posed for the camera or staring at it"],"shots":[{"id":"racks","name":"Down the racks","frame":"Down an aisle of a buried farm vault: racks of crops stacked to the curved ceiling, glowing magenta, the white-lit walkway leading the eye, a worker tending a shelf, condensation on the steel."},{"id":"dome_dusk","name":"The farm domes at dusk","frame":"From the plain at dusk: two glass farm domes glowing pink-white, crops inside, the buried halls' mounds beside them."},{"id":"great_hall","name":"The great farm hall","frame":"Down the central walk of the great farm hall: the fish canal and its lettuce rafts leading the eye, glass crop rooms glowing either side, terraces of racks climbing the walls, steel arches overhead and columns of light from the wells."}],"open":[]}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to size and draw the buried farm halls, and that 03-03 can read to size farm power. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the fact or assumption it comes from.","m2_per_person":{"value":50,"from":"GF-02","path":"numbers.m2_per_person.value","note":"Growing area per person fed entirely from the farm."},"shelf_tiers":{"value":[3,4],"from":"GF-01","path":"numbers.tiers"},"farm_kw_per_person":{"value":10,"from":"GF-03","path":"numbers.farm_kw_per_person.value"},"grown_share_by_era":{"value":{"robots":[0,0],"crew":[0,5],"town":[10,60],"city":[90,97]},"from":"GF-04","path":"numbers.grown_share_by_era.value","note":"Percent of food energy grown on Mars."},"lamp_colour":{"value":"magenta in crop rooms, white in walkways and visitor halls","from":"GF-13"},"rack_depth_m":{"value":1.2,"from":"GF-15","path":"numbers.racks.depth_m"},"aisle_m":{"value":0.9,"from":"GF-15","path":"numbers.racks.aisle_m"}}},"03-12":{"title":"Manufacturing","numbers":{"mcmurdo":{"summer":1000,"winter":153,"fuel_ml":42,"supplies_kg":5000000,"source":"wiki_mcmurdo"},"south_pole":{"winter":50,"months_alone":8,"first_winter_rescue":2001,"source":"wiki_pole"},"leach21":{"days":878,"eclss_pct":34,"science_pct":29,"food_pct":21,"hygiene_pct":6,"ops_pct":4,"clothing_pct":3,"toilet_pct":4,"source":"leach_2021"},"owens18":{"mission_days":1200,"spares_saved_t":[3.9,6],"source":"owens_2018"},"iss_printer":{"launch_year":2014,"phase2_year":2016,"unique_parts":14,"specimens":21,"material":"ABS","source":"nasa_3dp_2016"},"refabricator":{"arrived":"19 November 2018","first_run_year":2019,"material":"ULTEM 9085","source":"wiki_spacemfg"},"reprap":{"start_year":2005,"copy_date":"29 May 2008","printed_pct":48,"source":"wiki_reprap"},"iron":{"atomic_weight":55.845,"melt_c":1538,"source":"wiki_iron"},"heat_shield_rock":{"year":2005,"cm":31,"fe_pct":93,"ni_pct":7,"source":"wiki_heatshield"},"vogl18":{"dri_mwh_t":3.48,"h2_kg_t":51,"eaf_scrap_mwh_t":0.667,"electrolyser_share":"two thirds","source":"vogl_2018"},"hybrit":{"start_year":2016,"first_steel":"18 August 2021","source":"ssab_2021"},"moe":{"bath_c":1600,"anode_year":2013,"bm_cell_year":2025,"source":"mit_2013"},"ffc":{"years":"1996 to 1997","c":[900,1100],"source":"wiki_ffc"},"lomax20":{"year":2020,"c":950,"o2_pct":96,"source":"lomax_2020"},"window_glass":{"sio2_pct":73,"na2o_pct":14,"cao_pct":9,"furnace_c":1675,"source":"wiki_sodalime"},"polyethylene":{"mt_per_year":100,"year":2017,"share_pct":34,"ici_year":1933,"source":"wiki_pe"},"blue_alchemist":{"since":2021,"c":1600,"si_purity_pct":99.999,"year":2023,"nasa_musd":35,"source":"blue_alchemist"},"metzger13":{"seed_t":12,"years":20,"generations":6,"local_electronics_pct":{"gen3":90,"gen4":95,"gen5":99},"source":"metzger_2013"},"salotti20":{"min_settlers":110,"source":"salotti_2020"},"handmer24":{"solar_t_per_mw":80,"source":"handmer_2024"},"oleson22_mel":{"kwe":40,"basic_kg":7445.5,"fission_power_system_kg":3969,"thermal_kg":1352.6,"structures_kg":961.5,"electrical_kg":1090.3,"cable_spool_kg":357,"avionics_comms_kg":72,"growth_pct":20,"enrichment_pct":19.75,"source":"oleson_2022","note":"NASA's 2022 master equipment list, basic masses before the 20% growth allowance. With growth the unit comes to the 8,929 kg that 03-03 F-09 quotes (read live from 03-03 numbers.oleson22.mass_kg)."},"mason06":{"kwe":50,"kg":[4193,8364],"onboard_shield_x":2,"source":"mason_2006"},"local_parts":{"value":["structures_kg","thermal_kg","cable_spool_kg"],"from":"MF-10","note":"The lines of NASA's 2022 reactor equipment list that a City workshop could make from local steel (our assumption)."},"city_soil_steel_t":{"value":[100,500],"from":"MF-13","note":"New steel made from soil in the City era, tonnes per launch window (our assumption)."},"made_by_era":{"robots":"Nothing. Robots arrive with spares and swap whole units.","crew":"Printed plastic tools, clips and covers; recycled packaging; repairs in a small machine shop.","town":"Remelted hull steel (bar, plate, wire); dark glass and fibre; a soil iron pilot; printed metal parts.","city":"Soil iron and steel, hull steel, glass, stone wool for the farms, polyethylene, tanks, pipes, frames and reactor radiators; suit gloves, boots and outer fabric; trials of molten-soil cells and solar panels.","from":"MF-02 to MF-11, 03-08 SS-09, 03-10 GF-08"},"local_share_by_era":{"value":{"robots":[0,0],"crew":[0,1],"town":[5,20],"city":[30,60]},"unit":"percent of the mass of new hardware (machines, parts, structures, tanks, pipes, furniture) made on Mars, not counting soil, water, propellant or food","from":"MF-12"},"look":{"from":"MF-15","about":"How Arcadia City's making looks, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws it the same way (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","places":{"yard":{"name":"The Breakers' Yard","outside":"On one flank of the fuel plant, beyond the pads (MF-14), a yard about 150 m wide and 400 m long where the City's retired ships become steel (MF-16). Read along one walk, it tells one story: a ship becomes a home.","zones":[{"id":"field","name":"The ship field","what":"About a dozen retired Starships (one window's worth, within MF-03's 8 to 25), each at a different stage: one just arrived, still standing on its legs at the field's edge; the rest lying in one long row on steel cradles, stripped of fins and engines: whole, nose off with the hollow inside showing, half cut into rings, and down to a bare skeleton of ribs. Each hull is the ship's true 9 m width and its true length (01-01)."},{"id":"crane","name":"The big crane","what":"A portal gantry crane on rails astride the whole row, about 30 m tall with a span of about 70 m, its girder lined with work lights, a hook block over the hull being cut. A cab lift climbs one leg to a walkway on the girder: the view over the whole yard."},{"id":"strip","name":"The strip hall","what":"A long open-ended steel shed beside the field, roofed against the Sun and the dust and open to the air (nothing in it holds pressure). Inside, in order: engines pulled from the ships standing in a long row on stands, kept as spares; tank domes; spools of salvaged cable; racks of sorted fittings in bins (03-05 V-07)."},{"id":"cut","name":"The cutting line","what":"At the field's end, a hull being sliced into 9 m rings by robot arms on tracks, in showers of orange sparks; cut rings stacked on their edges; a small rail cart carrying one ring along a track to the furnace."},{"id":"furnace","name":"The furnace hall and works","what":"A long low furnace hall half buried under a soil berm, its doors glowing orange (MF-03); beside it the iron works, a conveyor lifting red soil into tall white hoppers with white steam (MF-04); and a small glass works with a glowing mouth, stacked dark glass and pale bales of stone wool (MF-06)."},{"id":"stock","name":"The stockyard","what":"The payoff: stacks of plate and bar, and long rows of finished home vault sections, each the 9 m width of a vault (03-06), the same width as the ships they came from, waiting for a hauler to carry them to the next buried row."}],"far":"By Self-sustaining Mars the field is nearly empty: one ship stands kept on its legs as a monument, and bright long halls with glass roofs make solar panels, steel frames and glass where the hulls once lay (04-02-04).","lights":"Tall white work-light masts and the crane's lights come on at dusk; the furnace doors, the sparks and the glass works' mouth are the warmest things in the picture."},"shop":{"name":"The machine shop","inside":"A buried steel vault like a home (03-06 HA-03), warm white light: benches with plastic printers, a lathe, shelves of bins of printed clips, brackets and tools, coils of steel bar; people in everyday work clothes and safety glasses (MF-02, MF-14)."}},"palette":{"hull_steel":"#C9CED3","furnace":"#FF8A3D","soil":"#B4643C","glass":"#2E3236","stone_wool":"#E8E2D2","hopper":"#F4F2EE"},"light":"Dusk: the furnace glow and the sparks are the warmest things in the picture against a fading butterscotch sky with a cold blue glow round the setting Sun. Steam lit from below.","eras":{"city":"Hull steel, a soil iron works, glass, stone wool and plastics beside the fuel plant; a machine shop in town (MF-03 to MF-07).","far":"Big bright halls making solar panels, steel frames and glass where the ship field was; one ship kept on its legs as a monument; nearly everything is made on Mars (04-02-04)."},"never":["Smoking chimneys or black smoke: the furnaces run on electricity","Hot, dusty or hydrogen work inside the town (MF-14)","Aluminium, copper or titanium smelting before the City ends (MF-08)","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","A blue daytime sky, clouds of rain, snow, puddles or plants outside","Hills, mesas or mountains on the horizon: Arcadia is a flat plain (02-05 SU-09)","Earth drawn as a disc: from Mars it is a bright star","People posed for the camera or staring at it","Logos, flags or readable text","Hulls stacked on top of each other, or bent, crushed or rusted: stainless steel stays bright","Fins, flaps or engines still on a hull lying in the field: they come off first (03-05 V-07)"],"shots":[{"id":"shop","name":"The machine shop","frame":"Inside a vault: printers at work on a bench, a person holding a fresh part to the light, a lathe and shelves behind."},{"id":"yard_dusk","name":"The yard at dusk","frame":"Low and wide from the stockyard: the long row of mirror-steel hulls under the crane's lights, the standing ship at the field's edge, sparks at the cutting line, the furnace doors glowing under the berm and white steam; rows of vault sections in the foreground; two suited pairs, small."},{"id":"crane_top","name":"From the crane","frame":"From the girder walkway looking down the row: every stage of a ship being taken apart in one line, the strip hall's engines in a row, a ring on its cart, the stockyard beyond, the flat plain to the horizon."},{"id":"ring_to_home","name":"A ring becomes a home","frame":"Close on a fresh-cut 9 m hull ring beside a finished vault section of the same width, sparks behind."}],"open":[]}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine reads to place the workshop and the iron works, and to show how much of the settlement is made on Mars in each era. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the fact or assumption it comes from.","local_share_by_era_pct":{"value":{"robots":[0,0],"crew":[0,1],"town":[5,20],"city":[30,60]},"from":"MF-12","path":"numbers.local_share_by_era.value"},"works_site":{"value":"beside the fuel plant","from":"MF-14"},"workshop_site":{"value":"inside the buried town","from":"MF-14"},"city_soil_steel_t_per_window":{"value":[100,500],"from":"MF-13","path":"numbers.city_soil_steel_t.value"}}},"04-01-01":{"title":"The first city","numbers":{"city_name":"Arcadia City","axis_bearing_deg":135,"axis_note":"The port axis: from the pin towards the port. It is the direction the dust-carrying wind blows to (02-05 SU-06, read live); the page checks they agree.","nearest_pad_km":4,"pad_arc_radius_km":3,"pad_angles_deg":[0,40,-40,80,-80,60,-60,20],"pad_angles_note":"Angle of each pad round the tank farm, measured from the line back to the town, in the order pads are built. Positive is towards the south-west.","town_core_m":[180,180],"city_m":[660,1240],"city_note":"Along the port axis, then across it. The City grows north-west and sideways from the Old town, keeping its south-east face fixed. Its width is worked out so the largest City's vaults fit their districts row by row (FC-03, FC-13).","vault_slot_len_m":60,"machine_allowance":0.1,"well_gap_m":300,"well_edge_gap_m":350,"well_pad_min_km":2,"roads_note":"Road and pipe routes are drawn between the features in world_spec; their lengths are worked out on the page.","fifa_m":[105,68],"vatican_ha":44,"vatican_pop":882,"hyde_ha":142,"hyde_kg_ha":253,"walk_ms":1.4,"walk_tfl_ms":1.33,"ksc_pads_m":2700,"ksc_lcc_km":5.6,"ksc_crawl_km":[4.8,6.4],"ksc_crawl_mph":1,"starbase":{"pop":500,"km":3.2,"year":2025,"stand_year":2019},"mcm":{"buildings":85,"summer":1000,"winter":200},"coober":{"pop":1437,"year":2021,"hot_c":40},"derinkuyu":{"m":85,"levels":5,"people":20000,"tunnel_km":[8,9],"found":1963},"reso":{"km":32,"km2":12,"doors":120,"users":500000,"year":1962},"brasilia":{"months":41,"year":1960,"planned":500000,"now":214529},"howard":{"year":1898,"people":32000,"acres":9000,"letchworth":1904},"kiruna":{"year":2004,"km":3,"church":2025,"until":2100},"amarg":{"aircraft":4000,"acres":2600,"km2":11},"viking1_w":47.95137,"iau_year":2018,"airy_km":0.5,"hirise_cm":30,"dark_year":2020,"esperanza":{"date":"7 January 1978","more":10,"winter":56,"families":10,"school":1978},"look":{"from":"FC-22, FC-23","about":"How First Landing (FC-10) and the Old town (FC-03, FC-06, FC-07) look, and the people in them (00-05 ST-20). Sizes come from the facts named; everything else passes the glance test within about a quarter.","parts":{"ship":{"name":"The ship","look":"The first ship standing on its own legs on natural ground (03-02 F-14): six legs with wide round footpads pressed into the soil, each footpad ringed by a small bank of pushed-up dust. Stripped for the town: a flap taken off and laid beside it, panels opened, dust up its sides."},"ground":{"name":"The blast circle","look":"Round the ship the ground is scoured: a dark scorched circle where the engines fired, the soil blown away to bare, cratered rock near the middle, rays of dark streaks running out across the plain, and loose stones flung outward into a ring."},"visit":{"name":"A place people visit","look":"A ring of posts with a rope, a plaque on a low stone, and the crew lift to the door."},"old_town":{"name":"The Old town","look":"The first square of the city, about 180 by 180 m (FC-03): the oldest buried rows (03-06 look), their mounds a little lower and more weathered than the newer ones, round the first crew's modules buried at its heart. Skylight collars and porch lamps glow warm along the crests, graded paths between the rows carry the deepest boot prints in the city."},"square":{"name":"The square","look":"Where the first modules lie, a small open paved square on top of the mound, kept clear: a low marker stone, benches, a ring of lamps. Suited pairs cross it outside; under the first dome nearby, a cafe square with people in everyday clothes."},"south_window":{"name":"The South window","look":"The first viewing room (FC-07), set into the Old town's south corner: a long, low strip of thick glass facing south-south-east over the port and the plain, glowing warm at dusk, small silhouettes of people inside looking out."},"port_gate":{"name":"The port gate","look":"The main way in (FC-06), in the middle of the town's south-east face where the straight port road arrives: a low printed building with covered rover bays, lamps, and the clinic beside it."},"footprints":{"name":"The first footprints","look":"A low glass case, knee high and about two metres long, at the rope on the town side: under it a patch of the plain with a line of boot prints, sharp-edged, the dust beside them a shade darker than the wind-smoothed ground round the case; a small plaque at its end."},"hold":{"name":"The museum in the hold","look":"Inside the ship at the lift's door: the cargo hold lit warm white, the empty cradles with their clamps and painted outlines of what rode in them, the flight computer's rack behind glass, a wall of names, a slim walkway round the middle."}},"palette":{"steel":"#C9CCD0","scorch":"#1D1A18","soil":"#B4643C","rope":"#D9C7A8"},"weathering":"Everything outside wears the plain: red dust banked against its foot and settled on every upward face, paler wind streaks running down from edges and bolt heads, thin dark panel seams, and scuffs where boots, hands and wheels touch. Dust is finer and lighter on what is cleaned often (hatches, grilles), heavy on what is not (radiators' feet, tank legs).","light":"Most beautiful at dusk, the steel taking the blue of the sunset, the ring's post lamps glowing.","never":["A launch pad or tower under it: it landed on natural ground","The ship gleaming new","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps","Clean, showroom-new surfaces outside: everything outside wears dust"],"shots":[{"id":"first","name":"The ship that built a city","frame":"Low by one footpad, the leg rising into frame, the scorched circle and its rays leading to the town's domes at dusk."},{"id":"old_town","name":"The Old town at dusk","frame":"A low aerial over the Old town's mounds at dusk, skylights and porch lamps glowing, the paved square with suited pairs, the South window glowing at the corner, the first dome blue behind, the port road leaving the near edge for the port gate, and First Landing a lone ship on the far horizon."}],"open":[],"people":"Settlers of every age and background: crews in suits outside, always in pairs (03-08 SS-05); under the domes and in the halls, families with children, older settlers, people at cafe tables, everyday clothes. Small in frame and busy with their own lives, never posed or looking at the camera.","eras":{"city":"The Old town is the city's busy south-east corner: the first dome glows behind it, still filling, and First Landing stands alone on the plain 7 km to the south.","far":"The Old town is the city's heritage quarter, its rows kept as they were, with parks and three full domes beyond; a glass canopy shelters First Landing (05-19 PA-17)."}}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to place every feature at AP-1. Positions are metres east and north of 02-03's pin (read from 02-03, never copied). Each feature names its era_from (it exists from that era on) and the assumption that places it. Sizes are [along, across] in metres, turned by rotation_deg (the bearing of the 'along' side). How big each thing is and what it looks like belong to its 03 file.","origin":{"value":"02-03 sites: arcadia (SpaceX AP-1)","from":"FC-01"},"axis_bearing_deg":{"value":135,"from":"FC-01","path":"numbers.axis_bearing_deg"},"nearest_pad_km":{"value":4,"from":"FC-02","path":"numbers.nearest_pad_km"},"pad_arc_radius_km":{"value":3,"from":"FC-02","path":"numbers.pad_arc_radius_km"},"city_m":{"value":[660,1240],"from":"FC-03","path":"numbers.city_m"},"features":{"value":[{"id":"town-core","name":"Old town (first crew modules, then the First Town)","kind":"district","east_m":-20,"north_m":20,"era_from":"crew","size_m":[180,180],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-03"},{"id":"city-edge","name":"The City at its largest","kind":"district","east_m":-190,"north_m":190,"era_from":"city","size_m":[660,1240],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-03"},{"id":"civic-spine","name":"Middle district: main hall, school, hospital wards, machine and store vaults","kind":"district","east_m":-169,"north_m":169,"era_from":"city","size_m":[240,280],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-03"},{"id":"ne-quarter","name":"North-east quarter (homes)","kind":"district","east_m":164,"north_m":374,"era_from":"city","size_m":[420,480],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-03"},{"id":"sw-quarter","name":"South-west quarter (homes)","kind":"district","east_m":-374,"north_m":-164,"era_from":"city","size_m":[420,480],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-03"},{"id":"farm-belt","name":"Farm belt (buried farm halls, skylight halls)","kind":"district","east_m":-339,"north_m":339,"era_from":"city","size_m":[240,1240],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-05"},{"id":"first-modules","name":"The first crew's buried inflatables","kind":"habitat","east_m":0,"north_m":0,"era_from":"robots","size_m":[40,60],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-03"},{"id":"port-gate","name":"Port gate: main entrance, cargo lock, rover bays","kind":"entrance","east_m":50,"north_m":-50,"era_from":"crew","from":"FC-06"},{"id":"clinic","name":"Clinic, then hospital entrance wing","kind":"service","east_m":60,"north_m":0,"era_from":"crew","from":"FC-06"},{"id":"core-hatch","name":"Old town north-west way out","kind":"entrance","east_m":-90,"north_m":90,"era_from":"crew","from":"FC-06"},{"id":"farm-gate","name":"Farm belt gate","kind":"entrance","east_m":-430,"north_m":430,"era_from":"city","from":"FC-06"},{"id":"ne-gate","name":"North-east quarter way out","kind":"entrance","east_m":293,"north_m":583,"era_from":"city","from":"FC-06"},{"id":"sw-gate","name":"South-west quarter way out","kind":"entrance","east_m":-583,"north_m":-293,"era_from":"city","from":"FC-06"},{"id":"waste-vault","name":"Waste vault (first of the district vaults)","kind":"service","east_m":-20,"north_m":-50,"era_from":"town","from":"FC-06"},{"id":"workshop","name":"Clean workshop","kind":"service","east_m":-20,"north_m":90,"era_from":"town","from":"FC-06"},{"id":"vr-south","name":"South window (first viewing room)","kind":"viewing room","east_m":-10,"north_m":-110,"era_from":"town","facing_deg":160,"from":"FC-07"},{"id":"vr-port","name":"Port room","kind":"viewing room","east_m":260,"north_m":160,"era_from":"city","facing_deg":140,"from":"FC-07"},{"id":"vr-sw","name":"South-west room","kind":"viewing room","east_m":-613,"north_m":-263,"era_from":"city","facing_deg":210,"from":"FC-07"},{"id":"vr-sunset","name":"Sunset room","kind":"viewing room","east_m":-720,"north_m":100,"era_from":"city","facing_deg":270,"from":"FC-07"},{"id":"scope-north","name":"North periscope","kind":"periscope","east_m":-110,"north_m":740,"era_from":"city","facing_deg":0,"from":"FC-07"},{"id":"town-well-1","name":"Town well 1","kind":"well","east_m":-740,"north_m":600,"era_from":"crew","from":"FC-04"},{"id":"town-well-2","name":"Town well 2","kind":"well","east_m":-950,"north_m":390,"era_from":"crew","from":"FC-04"},{"id":"town-well-3","name":"Town well 3","kind":"well","east_m":-1170,"north_m":180,"era_from":"town","from":"FC-04"},{"id":"town-well-4","name":"Town well 4","kind":"well","east_m":-950,"north_m":810,"era_from":"city","from":"FC-04"},{"id":"town-well-5","name":"Town well 5","kind":"well","east_m":-1170,"north_m":600,"era_from":"city","from":"FC-04"},{"id":"town-well-6","name":"Town well 6","kind":"well","east_m":-1380,"north_m":390,"era_from":"city","from":"FC-04"},{"id":"town-reactors","name":"Town reactor field (town and mid-size units)","kind":"reactor field","east_m":-1428,"north_m":1287,"era_from":"robots","size_m":[1200,1100],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-08"},{"id":"city-reactors","name":"City reactor field (megawatt units)","kind":"reactor field","east_m":-2277,"north_m":1287,"era_from":"city","size_m":[2400,2400],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-08"},{"id":"antenna-field","name":"Earth link antenna field","kind":"antenna field","east_m":-350,"north_m":1410,"era_from":"crew","size_m":[250,250],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-08"},{"id":"borrow-ne","name":"Dry-soil borrow ground and capped spoil","kind":"construction","east_m":530,"north_m":880,"era_from":"crew","size_m":[500,300],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-09"},{"id":"pad-1","name":"Pad 1","kind":"landing pad","east_m":2830,"north_m":-2830,"era_from":"robots","order":1,"diameter_m":150,"from":"FC-02"},{"id":"pad-2","name":"Pad 2","kind":"landing pad","east_m":1960,"north_m":-4690,"era_from":"crew","order":2,"diameter_m":150,"from":"FC-02"},{"id":"pad-3","name":"Pad 3","kind":"landing pad","east_m":4690,"north_m":-1960,"era_from":"town","order":3,"diameter_m":150,"from":"FC-02"},{"id":"pad-4","name":"Pad 4","kind":"landing pad","east_m":2490,"north_m":-6670,"era_from":"city","order":4,"diameter_m":150,"from":"FC-02"},{"id":"pad-5","name":"Pad 5","kind":"landing pad","east_m":6670,"north_m":-2490,"era_from":"city","order":5,"diameter_m":150,"only_if":"the City needs more than 4 pads (03-02 P-02)","from":"FC-02"},{"id":"pad-6","name":"Pad 6","kind":"landing pad","east_m":2050,"north_m":-5730,"era_from":"city","order":6,"diameter_m":150,"only_if":"the City needs more than 4 pads (03-02 P-02)","from":"FC-02"},{"id":"pad-7","name":"Pad 7","kind":"landing pad","east_m":5730,"north_m":-2050,"era_from":"city","order":7,"diameter_m":150,"only_if":"the City needs more than 4 pads (03-02 P-02)","from":"FC-02"},{"id":"pad-8","name":"Pad 8","kind":"landing pad","east_m":2230,"north_m":-3680,"era_from":"city","order":8,"diameter_m":150,"only_if":"the City needs more than 4 pads (03-02 P-02)","from":"FC-02"},{"id":"first-landing","name":"First Landing: the first ship and its scorch","kind":"landmark","east_m":210,"north_m":-7000,"era_from":"robots","from":"FC-10"},{"id":"landing-field","name":"Landing field (ships that stay, before the mover)","kind":"ship area","east_m":210,"north_m":-8410,"era_from":"robots","size_m":[3000,3000],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-10"},{"id":"ship-yard","name":"Ship yard (ships 50 m apart)","kind":"ship area","east_m":0,"north_m":-5660,"era_from":"town","size_m":[1200,800],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-10"},{"id":"mover-shed","name":"Ship mover park","kind":"vehicle","east_m":670,"north_m":-5690,"era_from":"town","from":"FC-10"},{"id":"fuel-plant","name":"Fuel plant and tank farm, behind berms","kind":"plant","east_m":4950,"north_m":-4950,"era_from":"robots","size_m":[300,300],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-02"},{"id":"plant-wells","name":"Fuel plant wells","kind":"well","east_m":4880,"north_m":-5590,"era_from":"robots","from":"FC-04"},{"id":"plant-reactors","name":"Plant reactor field","kind":"reactor field","east_m":6647,"north_m":-6647,"era_from":"robots","size_m":[1000,1000],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-08"},{"id":"solar","name":"Solar field","kind":"solar","east_m":7425,"north_m":-7425,"era_from":"town","size_m":[500,1000],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-08"},{"id":"works","name":"Industrial yard: trash-to-gas, then iron works and plastics","kind":"industry","east_m":7070,"north_m":-4810,"era_from":"town","size_m":[400,300],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-11"},{"id":"store","name":"Frozen store","kind":"store","east_m":4810,"north_m":-7070,"era_from":"crew","size_m":[300,300],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-11"},{"id":"mast-1","name":"Radio mast 1","kind":"mast","east_m":5590,"north_m":-4740,"era_from":"robots","height_m":20,"from":"FC-12"},{"id":"mast-2","name":"Radio mast 2","kind":"mast","east_m":90,"north_m":20,"era_from":"robots","height_m":20,"from":"FC-12"},{"id":"mast-3","name":"Radio mast 3","kind":"mast","east_m":1770,"north_m":-2190,"era_from":"crew","height_m":20,"from":"FC-12"},{"id":"mast-4","name":"Radio mast 4","kind":"mast","east_m":-210,"north_m":-6290,"era_from":"town","height_m":20,"from":"FC-12"},{"id":"mast-5","name":"Radio mast 5","kind":"mast","east_m":-850,"north_m":280,"era_from":"city","height_m":20,"from":"FC-12"},{"id":"mast-6","name":"Radio mast 6","kind":"mast","east_m":6360,"north_m":-710,"era_from":"city","height_m":20,"from":"FC-12"},{"id":"mast-7","name":"Radio mast 7","kind":"mast","east_m":-140,"north_m":-2970,"era_from":"city","height_m":20,"from":"FC-12"},{"id":"mast-8","name":"Radio mast 8","kind":"mast","east_m":7850,"north_m":-4740,"era_from":"city","height_m":20,"from":"FC-12"}],"from":"FC-01"},"viewer_layout":{"value":{"home_districts":["ne-quarter","sw-quarter"],"farm_district":"farm-belt","service_district":"civic-spine","town_district":"town-core","deep_rows":2,"water_routes_by_era":{"crew":[["town-well-1","core-hatch","town-core"],["town-well-2","first-modules","town-core"]],"town":[["town-well-1","core-hatch","town-core"],["town-well-2","first-modules","town-core"]],"city":[["town-well-1","farm-gate","core-hatch","town-core"],["town-well-2","workshop","town-core"]]},"power_routes_by_era":{"robots":[["town-reactors","first-modules"]],"crew":[["town-reactors","core-hatch","town-core"],["town-reactors","first-modules","town-core"]],"town":[["town-reactors","core-hatch","town-core"],["town-reactors","first-modules","town-core"]],"city":[["city-reactors","farm-gate","core-hatch","town-core"],["city-reactors","workshop","town-core"]]},"food_routes_by_era":{"city":[["farm-belt","core-hatch","town-core"]]},"floor_thickness_m":0.24,"server_halls":2},"from":"FC-16, FC-17, FC-20"},"solar_led_fields":{"value":[{"id":"town-solar","name":"Town solar array (solar-led plan)","kind":"solar array","east_m":636,"north_m":2051,"era_from":"town","size_m":[600,600],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-21"},{"id":"city-solar","name":"City solar array (solar-led plan)","kind":"solar array","east_m":-566,"north_m":5091,"era_from":"city","size_m":[3000,3000],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-21"},{"id":"town-wind","name":"Town wind farm (solar-led plan)","kind":"wind farm","east_m":-3889,"north_m":-1768,"era_from":"town","size_m":[3000,3000],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-21"},{"id":"city-wind","name":"City wind farm (solar-led plan)","kind":"wind farm","east_m":-9192,"north_m":9192,"era_from":"city","size_m":[14000,14000],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-21"},{"id":"fuel-store","name":"Methane and oxygen store (solar-led plan)","kind":"tank farm","east_m":5450,"north_m":-5400,"era_from":"town","size_m":[300,300],"rotation_deg":135,"from":"FC-21"}],"from":"FC-21","note":"The ground the solar-led power plan (03-03 G-16 to G-18) uses, kept apart from the main features because its fields are far larger than the City: the whole-site map and every check of the nuclear-led plan are unchanged. The viewer and the page draw these fields only when a visitor picks the solar-led plan."}}},"04-01-04":{"title":"The cities of Mars","numbers":{"settlements":{"about":"The new towns and cities, in the order they are founded. 'site' is the 02-03 site whose pin each stands on (no new coordinates). 'from' is the era it is founded in. 'tier' is what it is in each era (MC-08). 'does' names its trades, from the key in numbers.trades. 'line' is how the website describes it, from inside the world (00-05 ST-18); 'far_line' replaces it in Self-sustaining Mars. 'why' is the library's reason, with the facts it stands on. 'label' places the name on the atlas (Art).","list":[{"id":"aquis","name":"Aquis","site":"utopia","from":"cities","tier":{"cities":"city","far":"city"},"does":["water","industry","port"],"far_does":["water","industry","port","shipyard"],"line":"Mars's second city, standing on a buried sheet of ice that holds about as much water as Lake Superior.","far_line":"Mars's second city and its shipyard: the hop ships that link every town are built here.","why":"The thickest well-mapped mid-latitude ice on Mars, under only a few metres of soil (02-03 F-05): water for factories and fuel on a scale Arcadia's ice cannot match. A second port for ships from Earth spreads the landings.","label":"above","from_ids":["02-03 F-05","MC-02"]},{"id":"erebus","name":"Erebus Wells","site":"erebus","from":"cities","tier":{"cities":"town","far":"town"},"does":["water","food"],"far_does":["water","food"],"line":"Ice wells and farm vaults {km} km west of {city}, joined to it by the first long road on Mars.","far_line":"Ice wells and farm vaults {km} km west of {city}, joined to it by rail.","why":"SpaceX's site EM-16, with the strongest shallow-ice signal of its prime sites (02-03 F-33), and close enough to Arcadia City to be joined by road: the city's water and much of its food.","label":"above-left","from_ids":["02-03 F-33","MC-03"]},{"id":"phlegra","name":"Phlegra","site":"phlegra","from":"cities","tier":{"cities":"town","far":"town"},"does":["sun","food"],"far_does":["sun","food"],"line":"The sunniest of the icy plains: solar fields and farm vaults that feed the north.","far_line":"The sunniest of the icy plains: solar fields and farm vaults that feed the north, joined to {city} by rail.","why":"SpaceX's prime site PM-1, which 02-03 rates the sunniest of the icy candidates, beside glacier landforms (F-33). Sunlight and ice together make it the best farm site in the north.","label":"below","from_ids":["02-03 F-33","MC-04"]},{"id":"hellas","name":"Hellas Deep","site":"hellas","from":"cities","tier":{"cities":"town","far":"city"},"does":["water","storm_watch"],"far_does":["water","storm_watch","south"],"line":"The lowest town on Mars, under the thickest air, keeping watch on the basin where the great dust storms are born.","far_line":"The south's own city, on the far side of Mars from {city}, and the planet's storm watch.","why":"The lowest ground and thickest air on Mars, buried glaciers in craters to the east, and a known source of global dust storms (02-03 F-36). Once every town runs on sunlight, early warning of a storm matters to all of Mars (04-02-04 SF-17).","label":"below","from_ids":["02-03 F-36","MC-05"]},{"id":"elysium","name":"Elysium","site":"elysium","from":"cities","tier":{"cities":"outpost","far":"town"},"does":["sun"],"far_does":["sun","panels"],"line":"A small base near the equator, under the best sun on Mars.","far_line":"Near the equator, under the best sun on Mars: the biggest solar fields, and the works that make the panels.","why":"A flat, low plain near the equator with the best sun of 02-03's sites, where InSight landed (F-27, F-30). It has little ice, so water comes by hop. Mars learns to make solar panels from its own soil (04-02-04 F-15, SF-04).","label":"below","from_ids":["02-03 F-30","04-02-04 F-15","MC-06"]},{"id":"deuteronilus","name":"Deuteronilus","site":"deuteronilus","from":"far","tier":{"far":"town"},"does":["water","science"],"far_does":["water","science"],"line":"A glacier town among flat-topped mesas, for ice, science and the view.","far_line":"A glacier town among flat-topped mesas, for ice, science and the view.","why":"Debris-covered glaciers confirmed by radar (02-03 F-03), in country 02-03 scores as rugged and hard to land in: a place for a Mars that already makes its own machines and roads.","label":"below","from_ids":["02-03 F-03","MC-07"]},{"id":"alba","name":"Alba Caves","site":"alba","from":"far","tier":{"far":"town"},"does":["shelter"],"far_does":["shelter"],"line":"Homes inside lava tubes on the gentle flank of a vast volcano.","far_line":"Homes inside lava tubes on the gentle flank of a vast volcano.","why":"Hundreds of lava-tube segments mapped on Alba Mons, many perhaps intact (02-03 F-31): natural shelter from radiation, at the latitude of the ice belt.","label":"below","from_ids":["02-03 F-31","MC-07"]}]},"existing":{"about":"What the three earlier settlements become in the later eras (their own pages own everything before). 'tier' as in MC-08.","list":[{"id":"city","tier":{"cities":"city","far":"city"},"does":["port","industry","vault"],"far_does":["port","industry","vault"],"line":"The first and largest city on Mars, and its main port for ships from Earth.","far_line":"The oldest city on Mars, where it all began, and still its busiest port."},{"id":"jezero","tier":{"cities":"town","far":"town"},"does":["science","vault"],"far_does":["science","vault"],"line":"The science town on the old lake bed, keeping the second copy of everything Mars knows.","far_line":"The science town on the old lake bed, keeping the second copy of everything Mars knows."},{"id":"cave","tier":{"cities":"outpost","far":"outpost"},"does":["science","shelter"],"far_does":["science","shelter"],"line":"A small base inside a lava cave on a giant volcano.","far_line":"A small base inside a lava cave on a giant volcano."}]},"tiers":{"about":"What each word means (MC-08). Numbers of people per town are not set; the whole of Mars in Many Cities is 01-01's era plan.","city":{"name":"City","line":"Its own factories, hospital and schools, and homes for most of Mars's people."},"town":{"name":"Town","line":"Homes, farm vaults and one main trade."},"outpost":{"name":"Outpost","line":"A small base with a crew that comes and goes."}},"trades":{"about":"The words for each trade a town has, used on cards and keys.","water":"Ice and water","industry":"Factories","port":"Port for ships from Earth","shipyard":"Builds the hop ships","food":"Farm vaults","sun":"Solar fields","panels":"Makes solar panels","storm_watch":"Dust storm watch","south":"The south's hub","science":"Science","shelter":"Lava-tube shelter","vault":"Seed bank and knowledge vault"},"links":{"about":"How the towns are joined in each era (MC-09). Hops are Starship flights; 'hub' joins every town to Arcadia City; 'mesh' joins each town to its two nearest neighbours and the cities to each other. Surface links are roads or rail, worked out on the page from the pins.","hops":{"cities":"hub","far":"mesh"},"surface":[{"a":"city","b":"erebus","cities":"road","far":"rail"},{"a":"city","b":"phlegra","far":"rail"}]},"ports":{"about":"Where ships from Earth land, from which era, and where Mars builds its own hop ships (MC-12).","earth":{"city":"crew","aquis":"cities"},"shipyard":{"aquis":"far"}},"power":{"about":"What powers the towns in each era (MC-10), following 04-02-04 SF-10: Earth-made reactors run until their fuel is spent and are not replaced; Mars-made solar fields and the methane and oxygen storm store take over.","cities":{"reactors":["city","aquis"],"solar":"every town","biggest_solar":"phlegra"},"far":{"reactors":[],"solar":"every town","biggest_solar":"elysium","storm_store":"every town"}},"copies":{"about":"Two of everything that matters, far apart (04-02-04 SF-12, SF-14; 03-16 CP-10), and where (MC-11).","vault":["city","jezero"],"factories":{"far":["city","aquis"]}},"earth_trips_from":"London","changes_by_era":{"about":"The differences the atlas and the page draw, era by era (MC-13). Words from inside the world.","cities":["Aquis rises on the great Utopia ice and becomes Mars's second city, with a second port for ships from Earth.","New towns open, each for one job: Erebus Wells for water, Phlegra for sun and farms, Hellas Deep to watch the storms, Elysium under the best sun.","Every town is a hop from {city}, and the first long road runs west to Erebus Wells.","Earth-made reactors still power {city} and Aquis; solar fields grow beside every town.","Hundreds of ships land every window, at two ports."],"far":["No Earth-made reactor is left running: solar fields and buried stores of methane and oxygen power every town, biggest of all at Elysium.","Rail joins {city} to Erebus Wells and Phlegra, and hops link every town to its neighbours, not only to {city}.","Aquis builds the hop ships; Mars makes everything it needs, and ships from Earth come by choice.","Hellas Deep is the south's own city, and two more towns open: Deuteronilus among the glaciers and Alba Caves in the lava tubes.","Every factory that matters exists twice, in {city} and Aquis; the seed bank and the knowledge vault are kept in {city} and Jezero."]}}},"04-02-04":{"title":"Needing nothing from Earth","numbers":{"warming":{"rise_c":30,"air_pct_today":0.6,"air_pct_far":1.2,"from":"SF-20, F-33, F-34"},"musk25":{"people":1000000,"tonnes":1000000,"years":20,"date":"March 2025","source":"denver_2025","year":2025},"marin":{"people":98,"voyage_years":6300,"year":2018,"source":"marin_2018"},"niger":{"pct_2025":3.22,"peak_pct":3.8,"peak_year":2012,"source":"fred_niger"},"toaster":{"months":9,"cost_gbp":1187.54,"parts":404,"materials":100,"miles":2000,"year":2009,"source":"dezeen_2009"},"chips_world":{"tsmc_advanced_pct":90,"asml_euv_pct":100,"euv_usd_m":400,"year":2026,"source":"marketscreener_2026"},"fab":{"usd_bn":[25,35],"tsmc_az_bn":100,"fabs":4,"date":"July 2026","source":"tomshw_2026"},"intel4004":{"year":1971,"transistors":2300,"um":10,"source":"intel_4004"},"minimal_fab":{"wafer_mm":12.5,"tool_cm":30,"cost_fraction":100,"source":"aist_minimal"},"mit_pharma":{"doses":1000,"hours":24,"drugs":4,"year":2016,"source":"mit_2016"},"mars_th":{"th_ppm":[0.2,1],"k_ppm":[2000,6000],"year":2007,"source":"taylor_2007"},"iss_reserve":{"months":6,"after_months":4,"failure":"28 June 2015","source":"cbc_2015"},"mcmurdo_fuel":{"mgal":9.5,"proposed_mgal":16,"year":2007,"source":"nrc_2007"},"seed_vault":{"opened":2008,"capacity":4500000,"seeds_each":500,"samples":1401285,"depositors":134,"year":2026,"source":"croptrust"},"musk_ships":{"per_window":[1000,2000],"per_year_factory":1000,"date":"29 May 2025","source":"spectrum_2025"},"pop_lock":{"value":50000,"from":"SF-03","note":"Our assumption SF-03: Smith's upper founding figure (01-03 F-26), rounded up for margin. The fewest people Mars needs before it can stand on its own."},"growth_pct":{"value":[1,2],"from":"SF-06","note":"Our assumption SF-06: births minus deaths each year in Many Cities, in percent."},"local_share_later":{"value":{"cities":[70,99],"far":[100,100]},"from":"SF-05","note":"Our assumption SF-05: share of the mass of new hardware made on Mars after the City. The City and earlier are 03-12's (MF-12), read live."},"reserve_windows":{"value":2,"from":"SF-11","note":"Our assumption SF-11: the warehouse holds this many launch windows' worth of everything only Earth can make."},"ladder":{"from":"SF-04","note":"Our assumption SF-04: the order in which Mars learns to make what Earth used to send, and the era each rung is reached.","value":[{"what":"Air, water and rocket fuel","era":"crew","owner":"03-01, 03-04, 03-09"},{"what":"Most of the food","era":"city","owner":"03-10 GF-04"},{"what":"Concrete, glass, iron, steel","era":"city","owner":"03-11, 03-12 MF-03"},{"what":"Plastics, cloth, everyday goods","era":"city","owner":"03-12, 03-15"},{"what":"Aluminium and other light metals","era":"cities","owner":"SF-16"},{"what":"Machines and spare parts","era":"cities","owner":"SF-04"},{"what":"Medicines","era":"cities","owner":"SF-09"},{"what":"Solar panels and batteries","era":"cities","owner":"SF-10"},{"what":"Simple chips and electronics","era":"cities","owner":"SF-08"},{"what":"Advanced chips, precision tools","era":"far","owner":"SF-08"}]},"if_ships_stop":{"from":"SF-13","note":"Our assumption SF-13: what would happen in each era if every ship from Earth stopped. Level 0 to 5 is our scale for the meter.","value":{"robots":{"level":0,"text":"Nobody is there; the machines wait."},"crew":{"level":1,"text":"The crew flies home on its own ships and Mars-made fuel; nobody replaces it."},"town":{"level":2,"text":"Part of the food is grown; the ships on hand cannot take everyone home, and the town fades within a few years."},"city":{"level":3,"text":"Air, water, food and steel go on; chips, medicines and spares run down over ten to twenty years."},"cities":{"level":4,"text":"Mars makes nearly everything; it survives, more slowly."},"far":{"level":5,"text":"Mars survives and keeps growing."}}},"storm":{"farm_dim_pct":33,"other_keep_pct":[30,50],"from":"SF-17","note":"Our assumption SF-17: in a global storm, farm lamps run at about a third (lettuce grew normally on days at 33 to 60% light, F-31) and everything else at 30 to 50% (factories and workshops pause; air, heat, water, medical care and computers keep running)."},"kerslake99":{"tau":6,"days":100,"storm_wm2":100,"avg_wm2":450,"base_kw":40,"fc_t":1.3,"system_t":10.6,"panels_m2":[5000,6100],"year":1999,"source":"kerslake_1999"},"abel22":{"share_pct":50,"pv_t":8.3,"pv_t_pole":22.4,"kilopower_t":9.5,"crew":6,"kw":40,"bar":350,"year":2022,"source":"abel_2022"},"sofc":{"bloom_eff_pct":[53,65],"nasa_kw":1,"nasa_year":2016,"source":"bloom_2026"},"turbine":{"simple_pct":[42.6,43.3],"combined_pct":64,"source":"ge_7ha"},"p2g":{"methane_rt_pct":[30,38],"year":2011,"source":"wiki_p2g"},"methane_lhv_mj_kg":50,"lng_boiloff":{"pct_day":[0.012,0.12],"typical_pct_day":0.05,"tank_m3":260000,"year":2020,"source":"khan_2020"},"lettuce":{"dim_pct":[33,60],"year":2024,"light_share_pct":[53,80],"share_year":2024,"source":"mayorga_2024"},"de_gas":{"twh":255,"eu_twh":1129.5,"date":"31 October 2023","source":"ansa_2023"}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine reads to show, in Many Cities and Self-sustaining Mars, how much is made on Mars, what the ships carry and what the warehouse holds. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file.","local_share_later_pct":{"value":{"cities":[70,99],"far":[100,100]},"from":"SF-05","path":"numbers.local_share_later.value"},"population_lock":{"value":50000,"from":"SF-03","path":"numbers.pop_lock.value"},"growth_pct":{"value":[1,2],"from":"SF-06","path":"numbers.growth_pct.value"},"reserve_windows":{"value":2,"from":"SF-11","path":"numbers.reserve_windows.value"},"storm_store":{"value":"liquid methane and oxygen in buried tanks, burned in fuel cells","from":"SF-19"},"storm_farm_light_pct":{"value":33,"from":"SF-17","path":"numbers.storm.farm_dim_pct"}}},"02-02":{"title":"Weather","numbers":{"season_sols":{"n_spring":193.3,"n_summer":178.6,"n_autumn":142.7,"n_winter":154},"aphelion_ls":71,"perihelion_ls":251,"my1_start":"11 April 1955","dusty_ls":[180,360],"global_onset_ls":[185,315],"global_total":11,"global_years":[1971,1977,1977,1982,2001,2007,2018],"global_every_my":3,"atm_swing_pct":30,"atm_pm_pct":15,"jezero_pa":[735,761,650],"snow_depth_m":[1.5,2],"cap_edge_lat":60,"dry_ice_c":-125,"co2_frost_minutes":60,"viking_frost_days":100,"viking_frost_inch":0.001,"volcano_frost_mm":0.01,"volcano_water_t":150000,"volcano_pools":60,"s2018":{"onset_ls":185,"global_ls":197,"clear_ls":250,"area_jun8_mkm2":18,"area_jun12_mkm2":35},"s2001":{"onset_ls":[177,185],"global_ls":193,"decay_ls":263,"clear_ls":304,"sols":120},"tau_clear":[0.4,0.5],"tau_2007":5.5,"tau_msl_2018":8.5,"tau_opp_2018":10.8,"opp_wh":[645,22],"uv_drop_pct":97,"ground_swing_k":[100,40],"storm_wind_mph":60,"viking_gust_ms":26,"settle_sols":43,"jezero_ground_c":[-83,5],"jezero_air_c":[-83,-23],"wind_afternoon_ms":7,"wind_gust_ms":25,"wind_night_ms":[2,4],"dd_diam_m":[5,135],"dd_2021":{"width_m":25,"height_m":118,"speed_kmh":19,"date":"27 September 2021"},"dd_record":{"height_km":20,"width_m":70,"date":"14 March 2012"},"sparks":[55,16],"clean_boost_pct":10,"spirit_wh":[210,240],"opp_life_x":60,"cloud_lat":[-10,30],"cloud_ls":[60,100],"phoenix_snow_km":4,"jezero_ls_end":125,"co2_frost_um":300,"viking2_lat":48,"phoenix_lat":68,"mcs":{"archive_start":"2006-09-24","archive_through":"2025-07-31","dust_wavelength_um":21.6,"ice_wavelength_um":11.9,"levels_per_profile":105,"product":"2015041500_DDR.TAB","sample_date":"2015-04-15","sample_start_utc":"00:00:22.056","sample_end_utc":"03:59:36.412","sample_profiles":379}},"world_spec":{"about":"The weather table the engine reads to draw the sky, storms and dust devils. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the fact or assumption it comes from.","tau_clear":{"value":[0.4,0.5],"from":"F-17","path":"numbers.tau_clear"},"tau_global_storm":{"value":10.8,"from":"F-17","path":"numbers.tau_opp_2018"},"global_storm_start_ls":{"value":[185,315],"from":"F-13","path":"numbers.global_onset_ls"},"global_storm_odds_pct":{"value":33,"from":"F-13","worked_out":"100 / numbers.global_every_my, rounded (1 in 3); the page checks it"},"pressure_swing_pct":{"value":30,"from":"F-04","path":"numbers.atm_swing_pct"},"dust_devil_width_m":{"value":[5,135],"from":"F-24","path":"numbers.dd_diam_m"},"co2_frost_gone_min":{"value":60,"from":"F-09","path":"numbers.co2_frost_minutes"},"storm_rise_sols":{"value":20,"from":"W-10"},"mars_year_one":{"value":"11 April 1955","unit":"date (UTC) of Mars Year 1's northern spring equinox","from":"F-02","path":"numbers.my1_start"}}},"02-03":{"title":"Resource survey","numbers":{"arcadia_km3":10000,"utopia_thick_m":[80,170],"utopia_cover_m":[1,10],"utopia_lat":[39,49],"utopia_ice_pct":[50,85],"scarps":8,"scarp_lat":[55,58],"scarp_thick_m":100,"scarp_cover_m":[1,2],"ce_width_m":150,"ce_depth_m":21,"ce_lat":35,"zhurong_depth_m":80,"mff_thick_km":3.7,"mff_cover_m":[300,600],"mff_global_m":[1.5,2.7],"swim_odds_pct":64,"swim_gap_m":[1,5],"morgan_gap_m":[5,10],"soil_water_pct":2,"leshin_pints":2,"sam_c":835,"npld_global_m":1.5,"moxie_g":122,"moxie_gph":12,"moxie_purity_pct":98,"moxie_runs":16,"soil_pct":{"sio2":46.5,"feo":12.2,"fe2o3":4.2,"al2o3":10.5,"mgo":8.9,"cao":6.3,"so3":4.9,"cl":0.6},"sc_mpa":50,"sc_sulphur_pct":50,"tute_mpa":3.66,"tute_flex_mpa":5.95,"sulphur_melt_c":120,"sublimation_x":8000,"fibre_c":1360,"insight_wh":[5000,500],"kilopower_kw":10,"kilopower_years":10,"kilopower_units":4,"krusty_hours":28,"wind_regions":13,"mole_target_m":3,"earth_tube_m":[10,30],"mars_tube_m":[40,450],"tube_volume_x":80,"sisters":7,"sister_m":[100,250],"sister_deep_m":178,"mgc3":1029,"mgc3_skylights":349,"alba_segments":300,"alba_km":12000,"alba_lat":40.5,"hebrus_caves":8,"sun_limits_deg":[30,40],"sx_elev_km":-2,"sx_slope_deg":5,"menges_pct":4,"menges_north_pct":85,"hellas_glacier_m":[250,450],"collapse_m":[40,400],"swim_phases":4,"ap9":{"lat":40.02,"lon":-156.65,"elev_km":-3.9,"source":"golombek_2021","note":"SpaceX site AP-9 (203.35°E in the source): the thickest radar ice of SpaceX's sites. No longer our pin; kept as the nearby ice alternative (R-02)."},"drill_cm":6.4},"sites":{"about":"The shared site list. The map (02-04) and the website read it, so the pins and scores live in one place. Latitudes are planetocentric, north positive. Longitudes are east-positive, from -180 to 180; where a source gives 0 to 360°E, the pin note shows the source's own figure. 'elev_km' is the height above Mars's average level, given only where a source gives it (SpaceX's 2021 site study). Scores run 0 to 3 and are our judgement from the cited facts (assumption R-10); the sunlight score is not typed here but worked out from latitude when the page is built. 'order' is the pin number.","scoring":{"ice":"3 thick ice mapped by radar; 2 ice likely; 1 uncertain; 0 none near the surface","ground":"Landing ground: 3 low, flat plains; 2 plains with hills or rough patches; 1 rugged or high; 0 steep, high and thin-aired","sun":"Worked out from latitude using numbers.sun_limits_deg: 3 within {sun_lo}° of the equator; 2 up to SpaceX's solar limit of {sun_hi}° (F-33); 1 further out. Our Arcadia pin (AP-1, 39.8°N) sits just inside the limit, so it scores 2","tubes":"3 many mapped tubes or skylights; 1 a few candidates; 0 none known"},"list":[{"id":"arcadia","order":1,"name":"Arcadia Planitia","role":"lead","lat":39.8,"lon":-157.9,"elev_km":-3.9,"pin_note":"SpaceX site AP-1, at 157.9°W (202.1°E in the source): SpaceX's safest Arcadia site, just inside its 40° solar limit. AP-9, a short way north-east, has the thickest radar ice (R-02).","scores":{"ice":3,"ground":3,"tubes":0},"ice":"Widespread excess ice tens of metres thick; SWIM's strongest region. AP-1 itself has a moderate SWIM ice score; nearby AP-9 has the thickest radar ice of SpaceX's sites.","ground":"Smooth, low plains, well under SpaceX's height limit; SpaceX's safest Arcadia site.","sunlight":"Just inside SpaceX's 40° solar limit, so it scores 2 for sun.","lava_tubes":"None known.","notes":"Our lead site (R-02), on SpaceX's AP-1 site. Named by SpaceX's 2021 site study and its May 2025 plan. Moved from AP-9 by the owner on 25 September 2026.","facts":["F-03","F-04","F-33","F-34"],"sources":["bramson_2015","morgan_2021","golombek_2021","nsf_2025"]},{"id":"erebus","order":2,"name":"Erebus Montes","role":"candidate","lat":39.89,"lon":-167.97,"elev_km":-3.9,"pin_note":"SpaceX site EM-16, at 167.97°W (192.03°E in the source).","scores":{"ice":3,"ground":2,"tubes":0},"ice":"Strongest shallow-ice radar signal of SpaceX's sites.","ground":"Low plains among small hills.","sunlight":"Just under 40°N.","lava_tubes":"None known.","notes":"On the western edge of the Arcadia ice zone. The 2021 Christmas Eve crater (F-07) is in neighbouring Amazonis.","facts":["F-33","F-07"],"sources":["golombek_2021"]},{"id":"phlegra","order":3,"name":"Phlegra Montes","role":"candidate","lat":35.23,"lon":163.95,"elev_km":-3.2,"pin_note":"SpaceX site PM-1.","scores":{"ice":2,"ground":2,"tubes":0},"ice":"Glacier landforms; ice likely but less mapped than Arcadia.","ground":"Plains beside a mountain range.","sunlight":"The sunniest of the icy candidates.","lava_tubes":"None known.","notes":"A SpaceX prime site. Not in the original 02-03; added in version 2.0.","facts":["F-33"],"sources":["golombek_2021","phlegra_wiki"]},{"id":"utopia","order":4,"name":"Northern Utopia Planitia","role":"candidate","lat":46.7,"lon":117.5,"pin_note":"IAU centre of Utopia Planitia. The radar ice deposit lies in south-western Utopia, 39 to 49°N (Stuurman 2016).","scores":{"ice":3,"ground":3,"tubes":0},"ice":"A deposit 80 to 170 m thick under 1 to 10 m of soil: about a Lake Superior of water.","ground":"Low, flat plains.","sunlight":"Mostly north of 40°N: darker, colder winters, outside SpaceX's solar limit.","lava_tubes":"None known.","notes":"The thickest well-mapped mid-latitude ice. Zhurong, further south at 25°N, found no sign of water to 80 m (F-08).","facts":["F-05","F-08"],"sources":["stuurman_2016","utopia_wiki"]},{"id":"deuteronilus","order":5,"name":"Deuteronilus Mensae","role":"candidate","lat":43.9,"lon":22.6,"pin_note":"Centre of the region (40 to 48°N).","scores":{"ice":3,"ground":1,"tubes":0},"ice":"Debris-covered glaciers confirmed by radar; highlighted by SWIM.","ground":"Flat-topped hills and cliffs: rugged, harder to land in.","sunlight":"About 44°N.","lava_tubes":"None known.","notes":"Scenic glacier country.","facts":["F-03"],"sources":["morgan_2021","deuteronilus_wiki"]},{"id":"acidalia","order":6,"name":"Acidalia Planitia","role":"candidate","lat":49.76,"lon":-20.74,"pin_note":"IAU centre of the plain, at 20.74°W (339.26°E in the source).","scores":{"ice":1,"ground":3,"tubes":0},"ice":"Less certain: not singled out by SWIM's 2021 study, and the 2026 pad study did not score ice.","ground":"Favourable natural landing ground, particularly on its sediment-mantled plains (2026 study).","sunlight":"About 50°N: the darkest winters of the northern candidates.","lava_tubes":"None known.","notes":"Added in version 2.0 because of the 2026 landing-pad study (F-35). The fallback landing ground if Arcadia has no safe natural pad; not a city site (R-09).","facts":["F-35"],"sources":["menges_2026","acidalia_wiki"]},{"id":"alba","order":7,"name":"Alba Mons (west flank)","role":"tubes","lat":41.08,"lon":-110.71,"pin_note":"Volcano centre from the IAU Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, at 110.71°W (249.29°E in the source). The mapped tubes are mostly on the western flank, further south (F-31).","scores":{"ice":1,"ground":1,"tubes":3},"ice":"Not mapped by us. At ice-band latitude but on high ground; unknown.","ground":"Gentle slopes, but high: well above SpaceX's -2 km limit.","sunlight":"Just outside SpaceX's 40° solar limit: the tube field (F-31) is a little north of it, and the volcano centre, our pin, further north still.","lava_tubes":"More than 300 mapped segments, about 12,000 km in all.","notes":"The one place where lava tubes reach the ice latitudes. Added in version 2.0; worth checking for ice before a tube outpost is placed (R-03).","facts":["F-31"],"sources":["crown_2022","gazetteer_alba"]},{"id":"arsia","order":8,"name":"Arsia Mons lava tubes","role":"tubes","lat":-8.35,"lon":-120.1,"pin_note":"Volcano centre.","scores":{"ice":0,"ground":0,"tubes":3},"ice":"None near the surface.","ground":"Wikipedia gives its peak as 11.7 km; a 1998 laser-altimeter profile puts the summit about 17.45 km above Mars's zero level (the two count from different bases). Steep flanks, very thin air.","sunlight":"Near the equator: the best sun.","lava_tubes":"Seven skylights 100 to 250 m across; Tharsis has the most cave candidates on Mars.","notes":"Shelter without water. The skylights were rated poor for habitation because they are so high (F-29). One of two places considered for a later tube outpost (R-03).","facts":["F-29","F-30"],"sources":["cushing_2007","mgc3_2017","arsia_wiki","lpsc_1998"]},{"id":"elysium","order":9,"name":"Elysium Planitia","role":"candidate","lat":4.5,"lon":135.62,"pin_note":"InSight's landing site (4.5°N, 135.62°E, NASA).","scores":{"ice":0,"ground":3,"tubes":1},"ice":"Little or none near the surface.","ground":"Flat plain; InSight landed here in 2018.","sunlight":"Near the equator: the best sun.","lava_tubes":"Young lava flows nearby; far fewer cave candidates than Tharsis.","notes":"Warm by Mars standards and dry.","facts":["F-27","F-30"],"sources":["elysium_wiki","insight_nasa","mgc3_2017"]},{"id":"hellas","order":10,"name":"Hellas Basin floor","role":"candidate","lat":-42.4,"lon":70.5,"pin_note":"Basin centre.","scores":{"ice":2,"ground":2,"tubes":0},"ice":"Buried glaciers 250 to 450 m thick in craters to the east.","ground":"The lowest ground on Mars, with the thickest air.","sunlight":"About 42°S.","lava_tubes":"None known.","notes":"A source of global dust storms; harsh southern winters.","facts":["F-36"],"sources":["hellas_wiki"]}],"markers":[{"id":"zhurong","name":"Zhurong: no water seen to 80 m","lat":25.1,"lon":109.9,"facts":["F-08"],"sources":["zhurong_wiki"]},{"id":"christmas_eve","name":"2021 crater: ice at about 35°N","lat":35,"lon":-170,"approx":true,"facts":["F-07"],"sources":["dundas_2023"]}]}},"02-07":{"title":"The Mars sky","numbers":{"sun_radius_km":695700,"sun_mag_earth":-26.74,"moon_mag_full":-12.74,"mars_max_mag_from_earth":-2.94,"venus_a_mkm":108.21,"mercury_a_mkm":57.909,"proxima_ly":4.25,"phobos":{"a_km":9378,"period_days":0.31891,"v10":11.8,"above_km":6000,"fall_m_century":2,"breakup_myr":[30,50],"eclipse_s":40,"eclipse_date":"2 April 2022","eclipse_sol":397,"wiki_mag":[-9,-10],"albedo":0.07,"transit_2026":{"date":"12 August 2026","sol":1948}},"deimos":{"a_km":23459,"period_days":1.26244,"v10":12.89,"wiki_mag":-5,"albedo":0.08},"earth_view":{"mgs_date":"8 May 2003","mgs_au":0.93,"earth_mag":-2.5,"moon_mag":0.9,"sep_arcmin":[3.5,25],"transit_last":"11 May 1984","transits_next":["10 November 2084","15 November 2163"],"clarke_year":1971},"pole":{"north_ra_deg":317.681,"north_dec_deg":52.887,"north_ra_hms":"21h 10m 42s","deneb":[310.358,45.28],"alderamin":[319.645,62.586],"polaris":[37.955,89.264]},"extinction_mag_per_tau":1.086,"twilight_h":2,"spirit_sunset":{"date":"19 May 2005","sol":489,"time":"6:07 in the evening"},"curiosity_sunset":{"date":"15 April 2015","sol":956},"viking_color_date":"21 July 1976","aurora":{"date":"18 March 2024","sol":1094,"nm":557.7,"rayleigh":101,"rayleigh_pm":14,"eye_rayleigh":250,"clear_rayleigh":200,"clear_tau":0.3},"meteor":{"spirit_date":"7 March 2004","siding_date":"19 October 2014","siding_km":139500,"siding_kms":56},"craters":{"per_year":200,"min_m":3.9},"clouds":{"water_max_km":60,"shine_year":2021,"rays_date":"2 February 2023","hood_lat":[30,40],"hood_recede_deg":20,"hood_images":585,"amec_km":1800,"amec_w_km":150,"amec_kmh":600,"amec_alt_km":45,"amec_h":2.5},"sky_colours":{"day_zenith":"#C49A6C","day_horizon":"#D9B98F","day_near_sun":"#E8D6B8","sunset_near_sun":"#8FB1CF","sunset_far":"#8A6E57","twilight":"#3E4656","night":"#0C0E15","storm_noon":"#9C6A3E"},"moon_anchors":{"jd_tdb":2461314.5,"date":"1 October 2026","frame":"Earth's equator of 2000 (ICRF), km from Mars's centre","phobos_km":[-829.7237209655841,-8492.736219971477,-3901.224391547381],"deimos_km":[-18353.44795933891,7086.994209146845,12766.16024817138],"check_years":[2020,2036],"check_deg":4,"about":"Where JPL Horizons puts each moon at midnight (TDB) on 1 October 2026. check_deg: the largest gap between our moons and JPL's on 1 January 2020, 2 October 2026 and 1 January 2036."},"look":{"from":"SK-11","about":"How the sky over the pin looks, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws the same sky (00-05 ST-20). Colours are numbers.sky_colours (SK-01); sizes are facts named beside them. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","words":{"tw":"02-07:numbers.twilight_h"},"places":{"day":{"name":"The day sky","outside":"Butterscotch overhead, paler and browner near the horizon, whitish round a small Sun about two thirds as wide as from Earth (F-05, SK-01). High thin water-ice clouds now and then (F-31)."},"dusk":{"name":"Sunset and twilight","outside":"A cool blue glow round the setting Sun while the rest of the sky darkens to grey-brown (F-02, F-03); the glow lingers for up to {tw} hours (F-04). Earth shows as a bright blue-white evening star above the glow, with the Moon a faint dot beside it, in its evening-star seasons (F-15 to F-18)."},"night":{"name":"The night sky","outside":"Black and packed with stars on clear nights (02-01 S-09), the same constellations as Earth's (F-21). Phobos, a dark lumpy moon, rises in the west and climbs low over the southern sky (F-07, F-08); Deimos is a bright star creeping the other way (F-13, F-14). Now and then a faint green aurora (F-26)."},"viewing_room":{"name":"A viewing room","inside":"One of the town's few surface rooms (02-01 S-18, SK-06): a low room with a long window facing west and south across the plain, soft benches, people in everyday clothes, the room's own lights dimmed so the sky shows (SK-07)."}},"palette":{"day_zenith":"#C49A6C","day_horizon":"#D9B98F","day_near_sun":"#E8D6B8","sunset_near_sun":"#8FB1CF","sunset_far":"#8A6E57","twilight":"#3E4656","night":"#0C0E15","storm_noon":"#9C6A3E"},"light":"The ground takes the sky's colour: warm tan by day, cooling to grey-blue at dusk. Shadows are soft under dust and sharp on the clearest days.","people":"Indoors in everyday clothes at the viewing-room window, small against it; outside, crews in pairs in white suits, small against the sky.","eras":{"city":"The sky is watched from viewing rooms and periscopes, and on suited walks.","far":"Under the domes' glass and water roofs, the sky is overhead every day, softened and blue-tinged through the water (03-10 GF-17)."},"never":["A blue daytime sky (F-01)","A big Sun: it is two thirds as wide as from Earth (F-05)","Phobos or Deimos as big, bright, Earth-Moon-like discs (F-09, F-14)","Rainbows, rain clouds or thunderstorms","A red or orange glow round the setting Sun: on Mars the colours flip and the glow is blue (F-02)","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","People posed for the camera or staring at it","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps"],"shots":[{"id":"blue_sunset_room","name":"A blue sunset from a viewing room","frame":"Inside a viewing room at the edge of the town, looking west through its long window: the small Sun setting over a flat plain inside a cool blue glow, the far sky grey-brown, Earth a bright evening star above the glow. A few people in everyday clothes sit and stand at the window, small and in silhouette. The buried rows' skylight collars glow outside."},{"id":"phobos_night","name":"Phobos over the plain","frame":"Night over the plain: a sky packed with stars, Phobos small and low in the south, the town's skylight collars glowing faintly, a suited pair walking home."}],"open":[]}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine (00-02) reads to draw the sky. The format belongs to the engine; the numbers belong to this file. The Sun's size, the moons' sizes, the sol and the tilt come from 02-01's own world spec and numbers; the dust (tau) from 02-02 W-10.","phobos_orbit_km":{"value":9378,"unit":"km from Mars's centre","from":"F-07","path":"numbers.phobos.a_km"},"phobos_period_days":{"value":0.31891,"unit":"Earth days","from":"F-07","path":"numbers.phobos.period_days"},"deimos_orbit_km":{"value":23459,"unit":"km from Mars's centre","from":"F-13","path":"numbers.deimos.a_km"},"deimos_period_days":{"value":1.26244,"unit":"Earth days","from":"F-13","path":"numbers.deimos.period_days"},"north_pole_ra_deg":{"value":317.681,"unit":"degrees","from":"F-22","path":"numbers.pole.north_ra_deg"},"north_pole_dec_deg":{"value":52.887,"unit":"degrees","from":"F-22","path":"numbers.pole.north_dec_deg"},"twilight_hours":{"value":2,"unit":"h","from":"SK-02","path":"numbers.twilight_h"},"sky_colours":{"value":{"day_zenith":"#C49A6C","day_horizon":"#D9B98F","day_near_sun":"#E8D6B8","sunset_near_sun":"#8FB1CF","sunset_far":"#8A6E57","twilight":"#3E4656","night":"#0C0E15","storm_noon":"#9C6A3E"},"unit":"hex colours","from":"SK-01","path":"numbers.sky_colours"},"aurora_green_nm":{"value":557.7,"unit":"nm","from":"F-26","path":"numbers.aurora.nm"},"moon_positions":{"value":{"jd_tdb":2461314.5,"date":"1 October 2026","frame":"Earth's equator of 2000 (ICRF), km from Mars's centre","phobos_km":[-829.7237209655841,-8492.736219971477,-3901.224391547381],"deimos_km":[-18353.44795933891,7086.994209146845,12766.16024817138],"check_years":[2020,2036],"check_deg":4,"about":"Where JPL Horizons puts each moon at midnight (TDB) on 1 October 2026. check_deg: the largest gap between our moons and JPL's on 1 January 2020, 2 October 2026 and 1 January 2036."},"unit":"km from Mars's centre, Earth's equator of 2000","from":"F-35","path":"numbers.moon_anchors"}}},"03-13":{"title":"Local communications","numbers":{"faraday_year":1836,"cu_skin_um_1ghz":2.06,"rimfax_mhz":[150,1200],"rimfax_m":10,"vlf_m":30,"vlf_bps":300,"feeder":{"amp_m":[350,500],"max_ghz":1,"jubilee":"March 2020"},"sago":{"date":"2 January 2006","trapped":13,"died":12,"hours":41},"ten_ge":{"year":2002,"lr_km":10,"er_km":40},"wifi6":{"gbps":9.608,"range_m":30,"year":2021},"white_rabbit":{"nodes":1000,"km":10},"iss_tweet":"22 January 2010","mcmurdo":{"mbps":20,"summer":1000,"winter":153,"pop_year":2017,"starlink":"September 2022"},"pole":{"tdrs_mbps":50,"iridium_kb":100,"winter":50},"nokia":{"contract":"October 2020","usd_m":14.1,"landed":"6 March 2025","hours":13},"lunanet_v5":"February 2025","ingenuity":{"mhz":914,"kbps":250,"range_m":1000,"f49_days":6,"f52_days":63,"last_flight":72,"last_date":"18 January 2024","km":17},"a17_km":7.6,"gps":{"sats":31,"km":20180,"need":4,"first":1978,"full":1995,"phone_m":4.9,"rel_us_day":38},"lugre":{"date":"3 March 2025","fix_km":362000,"track_km":433220},"hirise":{"m":0.3,"km":300,"phoenix":"25 May 2008"},"mtc":{"about":"Mars Sol Date and Coordinated Mars Time, the formula given by Wikipedia's Timekeeping on Mars (after Allison and McEwen's Mars24 algorithm): MSD = (JD in Terrestrial Time - jd0) / sol_days + msd0 + c. MTC is the fraction of the MSD, in hours. Terrestrial Time minus UTC is 02-01 F-55's, read live.","epoch":"29 December 1873","jd0":2451549.5,"sol_days":1.0274912517,"msd0":44796,"c":-0.0009626},"moon_time":{"memo":"2 April 2024","by":2026,"us_day":58.7},"dsac":{"launch":"25 June 2019","end":"18 September 2021","ns":1,"days":10},"marsdial_languages":22,"timeslip_min":39.5,"sarsat":{"mhz":406,"from":1982,"to":2023,"people":63745,"events":19883},"epirb":{"burst_s":0.5,"w":5,"every_s":50,"hours":[24,48],"homing_mhz":121.5},"spirit":{"lost":"21 January 2004","days":10,"back":"5 February 2004"},"carrington_year":1859,"mast_m":20,"suit_antenna_m":2,"rover_antenna_m":3,"beacon":{"every_s":50,"hours":48,"from":"LC-10"},"ground_station_km":[0.5,1],"local_fix_m":[1,2],"era":{"from":"LC-03, LC-06, LC-11","note":"Our assumptions for each era, each entry [low, high]. Masts are the tall surface radio masts (LC-03). Network is the town's total local capacity in gigabits a second (LC-11): radio before fibre, then the fibre backbone.","masts":{"robots":[1,2],"crew":[2,3],"town":[3,4],"city":[5,8]},"network_gbps":{"robots":[0.1,1],"crew":[1,10],"town":[10,100],"city":[100,1000]},"finding_way":{"robots":"Robots: cameras, wheel counts and the orbital map; one mast","crew":"Dead reckoning, the Sun and the map; two masts give ranges","town":"Three or more masts: the local positioning system (LC-06)","city":"Mast network near town; orbiter time signals far out (LC-07)"}},"look":{"from":"LC-16","about":"How talking to Earth looks at Arcadia City, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws it the same way (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named.","words":{"mast":"03-13:numbers.mast_m","gs_lo":"03-13:numbers.ground_station_km.0","gs_hi":"03-13:numbers.ground_station_km.1"},"places":{"field":{"name":"The antenna field","outside":"A fenced field {gs_lo} to {gs_hi} km beyond the town's edge (LC-13): large white dish antennas on heavy mounts and a small white dome housing a laser telescope, all aimed at Earth, a single bright blue-white star (F-39). A slim steel lattice mast {mast} m tall with small white lights and antennas (LC-03). A straight buried fibre trench marked by small posts runs back to the town's low soil mounds on the horizon (LC-02). A rover and a suited pair at the foot of a dish."},"home":{"name":"Writing home","inside":"A living room at evening: a wall screen showing a recorded video letter from family on Earth, a big window over the plain at dusk with Earth's bright star in the sky (LC-11, 03-06 HA-15)."}},"palette":{"dish_white":"#F2F4F6","twilight_blue":"#7FB8E8","violet_sky":"#2B2546","earth_star":"#CFE6FF","soil":"#B4643C","lamp":"#FFD9A8"},"light":"Blue hour: the Sun just set, a cold pale blue glow on the horizon where it went down (02-07), dusky butterscotch above it fading to violet with the first stars; the dishes catch the last light, small white lights on the mast.","eras":{"city":"A few big dishes, a laser station and masts over town and port (LC-03, LC-13).","far":"A great field of dishes and laser stations in rows; relay orbiters overhead (LC-07)."},"never":["Earth bigger than a point of light (F-39)","Visible laser or radio beams","An orange glow round the setting Sun: on Mars it is blue (02-07)","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","A blue daytime sky, clouds of rain, snow, puddles or plants outside","Hills, mesas or mountains on the horizon: Arcadia is a flat plain (02-05 SU-09)","Earth drawn as a disc: from Mars it is a bright star","People posed for the camera or staring at it","Logos, flags or readable text"],"shots":[{"id":"field_dusk","name":"The antenna field at blue hour","frame":"Left to right: the lattice mast, three big dishes aimed at Earth's bright star, the laser telescope dome with its shutter open; the fibre posts running back to the town's lights; a rover and a suited pair at a dish, small."},{"id":"letter","name":"A letter from home","frame":"In a living room at evening, someone laughs at a video letter from family on Earth, the plain at dusk through the window."}],"open":[]},"earth_from_mars":{"date":"31 January 2014","after_sunset_min":80,"dist_mkm":160,"source":"nasa_pia17936"}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to draw the town's radio masts and antenna field. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Where each mast stands belongs to 04-01-01. Each entry names the assumption it comes from.","mast_height_m":{"value":20,"from":"LC-03","path":"numbers.mast_m"},"masts_by_era":{"value":{"robots":[1,2],"crew":[2,3],"town":[3,4],"city":[5,8]},"from":"LC-03","path":"numbers.era.masts"},"ground_station_km":{"value":[0.5,1],"from":"LC-13","path":"numbers.ground_station_km"},"beacon_interval_s":{"value":50,"from":"LC-10","path":"numbers.beacon.every_s"},"mars_sol_date":{"value":{"about":"Mars Sol Date and Coordinated Mars Time, the formula given by Wikipedia's Timekeeping on Mars (after Allison and McEwen's Mars24 algorithm): MSD = (JD in Terrestrial Time - jd0) / sol_days + msd0 + c. MTC is the fraction of the MSD, in hours. Terrestrial Time minus UTC is 02-01 F-55's, read live.","epoch":"29 December 1873","jd0":2451549.5,"sol_days":1.0274912517,"msd0":44796,"c":-0.0009626},"unit":"Julian date, days per sol, sols","from":"F-29","path":"numbers.mtc"}}},"04-03-01":{"title":"The calendar and festivals","numbers":{"mars24":{"about":"NASA GISS Mars24 method (Allison 1997; Allison and McEwen 2000): the steps that turn an Earth date into Ls, Mars's season angle. dt is days since 1 January 2000, 12:00 Terrestrial Time. Angles in degrees.","j2000":2451545,"m0":19.3871,"m_rate":0.52402073,"fms0":270.3871,"fms_rate":0.524038496,"pbs_rate":0.985626,"pbs":[[0.0071,2.2353,49.409],[0.0057,2.7543,168.173],[0.0039,1.1177,191.837],[0.0037,15.7866,21.736],[0.0021,2.1354,15.704],[0.002,2.4694,95.528],[0.0018,32.8493,49.095]],"eoc":[10.691,3e-7,0.623,0.05,0.005,0.0005]},"my_starts":{"38":"12 November 2024","39":"30 September 2026","40":"17 August 2028"},"my_first":38,"sol_zero":["Viking","Phoenix","Curiosity","InSight","Perseverance"],"sol_one":["Mars Pathfinder","Spirit","Opportunity"],"darian":{"made":1985,"published":1986,"months":24,"long":28,"short":27,"long_per_quarter":5,"common_sols":668,"leap_sols":669,"leaps_per_decade":6,"epoch":1609,"perse_date":"13 Sagittarius 219","perse_year":219,"perse_earth":"18 February 2021","week":["Sol Solis","Sol Lunae","Sol Martis","Sol Mercurii","Sol Jovis","Sol Veneris","Sol Saturni"],"month_names":["Sagittarius","Dhanus","Capricornus","Makara","Aquarius","Kumbha","Pisces","Mina","Aries","Mesha","Taurus","Rishabha","Gemini","Mithuna","Cancer","Karka","Leo","Simha","Virgo","Kanya","Libra","Tula","Scorpius","Vrishika"]},"proposals":[{"who":"Douglass and Pickering","year":1939,"before":true,"months":12},{"who":"Aitken","year":1936,"months":16},{"who":"Moore","year":1977,"months":18},{"who":"Gangale (Darian)","year":1986,"months":24},{"who":"Šurán","year":1997,"months":24},{"who":"Utopian (Mars Time Group)","year":2001,"months":null},{"who":"Silin","year":2025,"months":12},{"who":"Lukashian","year":2025,"months":0}],"gregorian":{"year":1582,"dropped":10,"britain":1752,"britain_dropped":11,"old_new_year":"25 March"},"french":{"adopted":"24 October 1793","week_days":10,"months":12,"month_days":30,"years_used":12,"ended":"1 January 1806","commune_days":18},"soviet":{"start":1929,"week_days":5,"rest_pct":20,"six_day":1931,"back":"27 June 1940"},"hijri":{"adopted":"31 March 1925","meridian_e":52.5},"nowruz":{"people_m":300,"years":3000,"un_year":2010,"unesco_year":2016,"unesco_first":2009},"opp_cycle_years":[15,17],"midwinter":{"belgica":1898,"discovery":"23 June 1902","bas_year":2025},"gemini6":{"date":"16 December 1965","given":1967},"apollo8":"24 December 1968","iss_tg":{"early":"22 November 2022","day":"24 November 2022"},"curiosity":{"landed":"5 August 2012","song":"5 August 2013"},"gagarin":{"date":"12 April 1961","res":"A/RES/65/271","res_date":"7 April 2011"},"dor":{"year":2025,"apollo1":"27 January 1967","challenger":"28 January 1986","columbia":"1 February 2003","lost":[3,7,7],"span_days":6},"first_crew_rest_sols":1,"town_rest_sols":2,"festival_sols":[8,12],"calendar":{"about":"Our design (CF-02 to CF-05, CF-09). The civil year starts on the sol in which Ls 0 falls at the pin. There are no months: the date is the season and the day of it (CF-04), counted again from 1 on the sol in which each season line falls.","basis":"Ls","sol_zero":"first crew landing","new_year_ls":0,"week_sols":7,"festival_ls":{"new_year":0,"midsummer":90,"storm_watch":180,"midwinter":270},"date_style":"season and day of season"}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine (00-02) reads to give the 3D world its date: which sol of the Mars year it is, which season, and which festival decorations and lighting to show. The format belongs to the engine; the values belong to this file. Today's Ls comes from the Mars24 method in numbers.mars24.","calendar_basis":{"value":"Ls","from":"CF-03","path":"numbers.calendar.basis"},"sol_zero":{"value":"first crew landing","from":"CF-02","path":"numbers.calendar.sol_zero"},"new_year_ls":{"value":0,"from":"CF-03","path":"numbers.calendar.new_year_ls"},"week_sols":{"value":7,"from":"CF-05","path":"numbers.calendar.week_sols"},"festival_ls":{"value":{"new_year":0,"midsummer":90,"storm_watch":180,"midwinter":270},"from":"CF-09","path":"numbers.calendar.festival_ls"},"date_style":{"value":"season and day of season","from":"CF-04","path":"numbers.calendar.date_style"},"mars24_method":{"value":{"about":"NASA GISS Mars24 method (Allison 1997; Allison and McEwen 2000): the steps that turn an Earth date into Ls, Mars's season angle. dt is days since 1 January 2000, 12:00 Terrestrial Time. Angles in degrees.","j2000":2451545,"m0":19.3871,"m_rate":0.52402073,"fms0":270.3871,"fms_rate":0.524038496,"pbs_rate":0.985626,"pbs":[[0.0071,2.2353,49.409],[0.0057,2.7543,168.173],[0.0039,1.1177,191.837],[0.0037,15.7866,21.736],[0.0021,2.1354,15.704],[0.002,2.4694,95.528],[0.0018,32.8493,49.095]],"eoc":[10.691,3e-7,0.623,0.05,0.005,0.0005]},"unit":"degrees and days since 1 January 2000, 12:00 TT","from":"F-04","path":"numbers.mars24"}}},"03-11":{"title":"Construction and materials","numbers":{"viking":{"drift_phi_deg":18,"blocky_phi_deg":30,"crusty_phi_deg":35,"drift_coh_kpa":[0.7,3],"blocky_coh_kpa":[1.5,16]},"insight":{"crust_cm":[5,10],"regolith_m":[3,18],"mole_top_cm":[2,3]},"phoenix":{"arm_m":0.5,"touch":"31 May 2008","first_oven":"11 June 2008"},"freeze_first_year":1862,"permafrost":{"nh_pct":15,"factory_year":1901},"taps":{"km":1287,"supports":78000,"thaw_year":2021},"camp_century":{"built":1959,"tunnels":21,"total_km":3,"longest_m":340,"trench_m":7.9,"squeeze_years":4,"manned_years":5,"abandoned":1967,"design_years":10},"ipex":{"kg":30,"t":10,"days":11},"rassor2":{"kg":66,"t_day":2.7,"year":2016},"rassor1":{"kg_max":100,"trips":35,"load_kg":20,"o2_t_yr":10},"khalili":{"year":1984,"refugee_year":1995,"shelters":15,"quake":7.2,"quake_report":2019},"sulphur_find":"30 May 2024","astrocrete":{"hsa_mpa":25,"urea_mpa":39.7,"mission_weeks":72},"basalt_cp_kj_kgk":0.84,"hab_challenge":{"scale":3,"days":3},"chapea":{"ft2":1700,"m1":["25 June 2023","6 July 2024"],"m2":["19 October 2025","31 October 2026"],"days":378,"crew":4},"coober":{"summer_c":40,"people":1437,"census":2021},"soil_density_kg_m3":1500,"berm_slope_deg":30,"trench_clear_m":1,"bed_m":1,"road_layer_m":0.3,"sinter_layer_m":0.1,"soil_t_per_m2_cover":{"value":4.5,"from":"CM-02","note":"Worked out: the working density (CM-01) times the burial depth read live from 03-06 HA-01. The page recomputes it and warns if the two ever differ."},"dig_m3_per_day_by_era":{"from":"CM-05","note":"Cubic metres of ground dug, carried and placed per sol by the whole construction fleet, [low, high]. A sol is a Mars day, about 40 minutes longer than an Earth day.","robots":[20,40],"crew":[20,40],"town":[30,100],"city":[500,3000]},"digger_m3_per_sol_by_era":{"from":"CM-05","note":"What one construction machine of that era moves per sol in dry soil, [low, high]. Robots, First crew and First Town: 1 to 2 t electric diggers and loaders; City: bigger machines assembled on Mars.","robots":[5,10],"crew":[5,10],"town":[10,20],"city":[50,100]},"ice_cut_slowdown":3,"materials_by_era":{"from":"CM-07","robots":"Compacted soil, soil bags, made gravel, the first sintered pad (03-02)","crew":"Adds pressed-soil bricks and test pours","town":"Adds sulphur concrete, sintered pavers, printed walls","city":"Adds cast basalt, local iron and glass (03-12)"},"look":{"from":"CM-13","about":"How building work at Arcadia City looks, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws it the same way (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named; they pass the glance test within about a quarter. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","words":{"vd":"03-06:numbers.vault.d_m","cover":"03-06:numbers.cover_m","bed":"03-11:numbers.bed_m","clear":"03-11:numbers.trench_clear_m","slope":"03-11:numbers.berm_slope_deg","ice":"02-05:numbers.ice_top_m"},"places":{"site":{"name":"A building site on the plain","outside":"A straight trench cut flush into the flat rust-red plain, as deep as a vault plus its {bed} m bed and {clear} m wider than the vault each side (CM-03, CM-04); its cut walls show a bright white band of ice-cemented ground from about {ice} m down (02-05, CM-11). A long white steel vault, {vd} m across and lying on its side like a section of rocket hull, is lowered level into it on slings from a wheeled gantry crane (03-06 HA-03). Beside it, an already buried row: a long, low, rounded mound of darker fresh soil {cover} m over the vault's top, sides at about {slope} degrees, white skylight collars and a ridge of radiator fins on its crest (CM-03, CM-11, 03-06). Small yellow-grey electric diggers the size of a small car, each with two bucket drums turning opposite ways (CM-05, F-12, F-13), crawl to and fro. On rails, a yellow gantry printer about 10 m tall lays a curved berm or blast wall in fine horizontal layers of sintered rust-brown soil (CM-10)."},"dome":{"name":"A dome neighbourhood going up","outside":"A great glass dome on a low printed ring wall, its slim white triangulated frame partly glazed; inside, a yellow gantry printer prints a white one- or two-storey home in ribbed layers beside finished homes with roof terraces (03-06 HA-15)."}},"palette":{"soil":"#B4643C","fresh_soil":"#8A4B2E","ice_band":"#E8EEF2","steel":"#E4E6E8","machine_yellow":"#E8B23A","machine_grey":"#8D949D","printed_wall":"#D9A07A"},"light":"Golden hour from low on the plain: long shadows from the diggers and gantries, dust hanging in the light, the ice band in the trench catching the Sun. Butterscotch sky, a faint blue glow right round the small Sun.","eras":{"city":"Trenches, vaults and mounds every week, small diggers, gantry printers raising the first dome neighbourhood (CM-07).","far":"Cast basalt roads, glass and steel made on Mars, big machines building new domes (CM-07, 03-12)."},"never":["A vault standing upright in its trench: vaults lie on their side","Heavy Earth-style excavators leaning on their weight; diggers are light, with opposed drums (F-12)","Concrete mixers or cement: walls are sintered soil or sulphur concrete (CM-10)","A printed wall that holds air (CM-10)","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","A blue daytime sky, clouds of rain, snow, puddles or plants outside","Hills, mesas or mountains on the horizon: Arcadia is a flat plain (02-05 SU-09)","Earth drawn as a disc: from Mars it is a bright star","People posed for the camera or staring at it","Logos, flags or readable text"],"shots":[{"id":"site","name":"The building site at golden hour","frame":"From low on the plain, left to right: two small diggers cutting a trench, the trench with its white ice band and a vault being lowered level into it under a gantry crane, a fresh soil mound with skylight collars, and a gantry printer laying a curved wall in layers. Two pairs of suited people, small."},{"id":"dome_rising","name":"A street going up under glass","frame":"A half-glazed dome with a gantry printer printing a white home inside, finished homes beside it, buried rows outside, a suited pair walking."}],"open":[]}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to shape the town's mounds, trenches, berms and roads, and to pace construction in each era. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the fact or assumption it comes from.","soil_density_kg_m3":{"value":1500,"from":"CM-01","path":"numbers.soil_density_kg_m3"},"soil_t_per_m2_cover":{"value":4.5,"from":"CM-02","path":"numbers.soil_t_per_m2_cover.value"},"berm_slope_deg":{"value":30,"from":"CM-03","path":"numbers.berm_slope_deg","note":"Side slope of mounds and berms, about the friction angle of blocky Viking soil (F-01)."},"road_layer_m":{"value":0.3,"from":"CM-08","path":"numbers.road_layer_m"},"dig_m3_per_day_town":{"value":[30,100],"from":"CM-05","path":"numbers.dig_m3_per_day_by_era.town","note":"First Town. Other eras: numbers.dig_m3_per_day_by_era."},"bed_m":{"value":1,"from":"CM-04","path":"numbers.bed_m"}}},"03-14":{"title":"Medical bay","numbers":{"look":{"from":"MB-18","about":"How Arcadia City's medical bay looks, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws the same place (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named; they pass the glance test within about a quarter. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","words":{"vd":"03-06:numbers.vault.d_m","cover":"03-06:numbers.cover_m"},"places":{"bay":{"name":"The bay","inside":"A section of a round steel vault {vd} m across, buried under {cover} m of soil like the homes (MB-04, 03-06 HA-03): a flat floor, the curved shell lined in white panels, soft white ceiling light and one skylight well pouring real daylight onto the ward. Beds with pale blue curtains down one side, a treatment bay with a surgical light on a ceiling arm, a handheld ultrasound and a compact X-ray on a trolley, glass-fronted medicine cupboards, a hand-wash station and a few plants. Staff in light blue or teal scrubs. Calm, clean and bright, like a small modern clinic (MB-03, F-22).","outside":"From outside it is one more soil mound, next to the airlock nearest the port road, with its own porch and a wider double hatch for a stretcher (MB-04)."},"chamber":{"name":"The pressure chamber","inside":"A white steel cylinder about 2.2 m across and 4 m long lying on its side at one end of the ward, like a short submarine hull: a round hatch at its end with a porthole, two small portholes down its side, its gauges as clean digital panels, a bench inside for patient and medic (MB-06, F-35). For the First crew it is a one-person chamber, a slimmer tube about 0.8 m across."},"screen":{"name":"Earth on the line","inside":"A large wall screen in the treatment bay showing a recorded video message from a doctor on Earth beside a scan, so the team can work through it together (MB-07, F-12). Messages, never a live call."},"ambulance":{"name":"The ambulance","outside":"A long-range pressurised rover (03-05 V-16) on the graded road to the bay's porch, its light bars lit, docking nose-in so a casualty is carried straight in without crossing homes (MB-05, 03-07 AD-10)."},"street":{"name":"The hospital street","inside":"The First Martian City's hospital (MB-19): one buried vault {vd} m across and the homes' own length (03-06 HA-03), its four sections a single street. A pale resin walk down the middle carries a coloured line for each department; either side, glass-fronted rooms about 2.7 m deep, each lit in its own colour with its name on a sign above the door and a screen beside it. Skylight wells pour daylight onto the street. Arrivals and the wide double hatch are at the porch end, with a lit directory of the hospital; the walk-in pressure chamber closes the far end."},"great_hall":{"name":"The great hospital hall","inside":"By Self-sustaining Mars (MB-19): one wide hall on arches of steel made on Mars (03-12 MF-03), under a wide low mound with big light wells. A healing garden of trees in deep beds and a clear stream runs down the middle, with a walk either side and glass-fronted departments beyond, including maternity (MB-16), a gym for bone and muscle (02-06 HB-05) and a pharmacy that brews some of its own medicines (MB-08, F-31). A small entry vault holds the porch."}},"palette":{"white":"#F4F6F7","scrubs":"#5FA8B8","curtain":"#BFD9E6","steel":"#9AA0A6","coral":"#E0825E","daylight":"#FFE7C2","screen":"#1E2A36"},"light":"Inside: clean white light with warm daylight falling from the skylight onto one bed, cool glints on steel. Outside: the porch lamp warm at dusk and the rover's light bars bright.","eras":{"crew":"A treatment room in the first habitat and a one-person chamber (MB-03, MB-06).","town":"A clinic in one vault section with an operating room and a walk-in chamber (MB-03).","city":"A hospital in one long vault of four sections (MB-19): imaging, a dental surgery, an operating theatre, a pharmacy, a ward, an isolation room with its own air, a quiet room, blood and records, and a walk-in chamber (MB-03, MB-04).","far":"A great hospital hall with a healing garden, a maternity unit, a gym and a pharmacy that makes some of its own medicines (MB-08, MB-16, MB-19)."},"never":["A suit, or Mars dust, inside the bay: suits come off on the dust side (MB-04, 02-01 S-13)","A live video call with Earth: advice comes by message (MB-07)","Blood, wounds or surgery shown graphically","A dark, cramped or frightening sickbay: it is calm, bright and well kept","An ambulance helicopter or plane on Mars","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","People posed for the camera or staring at it","Graphic scans, wounds or patients in distress on any screen: screens show calm scans, records and messages"],"shots":[{"id":"ward","name":"Inside the bay","frame":"Down the bay's curved white vault: a doctor in scrubs scanning a seated patient's arm with a handheld ultrasound, a skylight's shaft of daylight on the bed, the white pressure chamber with its round hatch at the far end, a wall screen with a message from Earth, medicine cupboards and a plant."},{"id":"arrival","name":"The ambulance arrives","frame":"From the road at dusk: a pressurised rover with its lights on docking at the bay's porch beside the low soil mound, a suited medic walking beside it."}],"open":[]},"imm":{"conditions":100,"impact_conditions":119,"smm":{"crew":4,"days":923,"surface_days":560,"evas":401,"events":603.03,"evac":0.294,"locl":0.0158},"amm":{"crew":4,"days":420,"surface_days":30,"evas":60,"events":156.45,"evac":0.0625,"locl":0.0057}},"wotring":{"crew":24,"missions":20,"min_days":30,"sleep_x":10},"vasyutin":{"year":1985,"days":64},"pole":{"winter_people":50,"rescue":"26 April 2001","stroke_start":"2011-08-27","stroke_end":"2011-10-17"},"nielsen":{"year":1999,"drop":"11 July","bundles":6,"out":"15 October"},"foale":{"year":2004,"train_h":2,"months_before":8,"latency_s":2},"lindbergh":{"date":"7 September 2001","km":6230},"villa":{"rule_year":2018,"winter":80,"summer":150,"beds":2},"campbell":{"pigs":10,"years":[1993,2000],"parabolas":[20,40],"zero_g_s":30},"formulary_n":200,"reichard":{"years":2.4,"within_pct":10,"most_pct":5,"rate_x":1.5},"slep":{"start":1986,"tested":122,"extra_years":4},"kutz":{"pubs":122,"rcts":23},"astro_peptides":7,"blood":{"platelets_d":[5,7],"whole_d":35,"rbc_d":42,"plasma_months":12,"plasma_c":-30,"frozen_rbc_years":10,"frozen_c":-65},"garbino":{"cabin_kpa":66.2,"o2_pct":28.5,"suit_kpa":[29.6,35.6],"prebreathe_min":[20,90,150],"case_min":90,"clear_min":150},"hbo":{"bar":2.8,"depth_m":18,"hours":[4.5,5.5]},"spaceflight":{"asof":"April 2026","flown":791,"died":19},"remains":{"units":3,"bodies":6},"staff_by_era":{"robots":[0,0],"crew":[2,3],"town":[4,8],"city":[40,200]},"beds_by_era":{"robots":[0,0],"crew":[1,2],"town":[2,4],"city":[12,40]},"chamber_by_era":{"robots":"none","crew":"one-person","town":"walk-in","city":"walk-in"},"floor_above_invert_m":2}},"03-15":{"title":"Waste and recycling","numbers":{"look":{"from":"WR-17","about":"How Arcadia City's waste and recycling look, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws the same places (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named; they pass the glance test within about a quarter. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","words":{"vd":"03-06:numbers.vault.d_m","store_cover":"03-15:numbers.store_cover_m"},"places":{"vault":{"name":"The waste vault","inside":"A buried machine room inside the town, in a round steel vault {vd} m across like the homes (WR-07): three tall rounded stainless steel digester tanks with sight glasses and lagged pipes (WR-06); a tall glass column of the nitrifier, its liquid pale amber turning clear, with bubbles rising (WR-05); a heat-melt compactor like a large white industrial oven, a neat stack of square tan sterilised tiles beside it (F-15); rows of closed metal bins colour-coded for the six streams (WR-01); a wall board drawing the loop with tonnes in and tonnes out (WR-14). Warm, damp and well lit, gentle mist round the pipes, one or two workers in coveralls and gloves.","outside":"Nothing but the same soil mounds as the homes."},"recycling":{"name":"The print shop","inside":"Beside the waste vault: a shredder and bins of sorted plastic flakes in a few colours, and a row of 3D printers making cups, clips, tool handles and spare parts from them (WR-10, 03-12 MF-02)."},"store":{"name":"The frozen store","outside":"Out on the plain beside the fuel plant (WR-08): long low rows of rounded soil mounds about {store_cover} m deep over insulated cells, each row with slim white numbered posts, graded paths between them, frost on the mounds in winter, the fuel plant's white tanks beyond. Quiet, tidy and orderly, like a seed vault's yard, never a tip."},"gas":{"name":"Trash to gas","outside":"From the First Town, a compact white unit beside the fuel plant with a hopper, a short stack with a heat shimmer, and pipes running to the plant (WR-09, F-18)."}},"palette":{"steel":"#B9BEC4","white":"#F4F2EE","tile":"#C9A97E","amber":"#E8C27A","bin_green":"#5FA34A","bin_blue":"#4D8FC6","coral":"#E0825E","soil":"#9C5A35"},"light":"Inside the vault: warm white work light, glints on steel and wet glass, soft mist. At the store: low golden or dawn light raking across the mounds and posts.","eras":{"crew":"Toilets, a compactor, a plastic recycler and a few frozen cells (WR-16).","town":"The waste vault with digesters and nitrifier, trash-to-gas beside the fuel plant, a growing store (WR-16).","city":"Several district waste vaults, and a store that has become a mine (WR-16).","far":"The store worked like a mine for salts and stock (WR-12, WR-16)."},"never":["Open heaps of rubbish, smoke, flies or a dump: the store is a store (WR-02, WR-08)","Waste poured or buried in open soil or ice (WR-02)","Toilets that flush with water (WR-04)","Anything gross shown up close","Brass, copper or old-fashioned gauges and lamps","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles outside","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","People posed for the camera or staring at it"],"shots":[{"id":"vault","name":"Inside the waste vault","frame":"Across the waste vault: the digester tanks on the left, the glowing glass column of the nitrifier in the middle, the compactor and its stack of tiles on the right, the loop board on the curved wall, a worker checking a sight glass."},{"id":"store_dawn","name":"The frozen store at dawn","frame":"From the plain at dawn: rows of frosted mounds with numbered posts running to the fuel plant's tanks, two suited workers with a cart."}],"open":[]},"ewert":{"feces_water_kg":0.09,"feces_solids_kg":0.03,"urine_solids_kg":0.06,"sweat_solids_kg":0.02,"source":"ewert_2019","note":"Per person per day, from Ewert and Stromgren 2019 (their Table, from NASA's life support baseline, BVAD Table 3-33). The urine's water, 1.4 kg a day, is 03-09's (numbers.ewert.urine_kg) and is read from there."},"rose":{"feces_wet_g":128,"feces_dry_g":29,"feces_water_pct":75,"urine_l":1.42,"urine_solids_g":59,"urine_n_g":10.98,"year":2015,"source":"rose_2015"},"trash_kg_day":1,"trash_note":"NASA's Heat Melt Compactor team: 'Most missions will generate on average about one kilograms of trash per astronaut per day' (Parodi and others, 2020).","clothing":{"esm_kg":11000,"pct":11,"years":10,"crew":4,"source":"ewert_jeng_2009"},"laundry_study_year":2026,"sts41d_year":1984,"skylab_years":[1973,1974],"zvezda_fail":{"date":"21 May 2008","age_years":7},"urine_container_l":20,"uwms":{"cost_musd":23,"delivered":"October 2020"},"artemis2":{"launch":"1 April 2026","update":"7 April 2026","splash":"10 April 2026"},"cygnus_kg":5000,"cygnus_xl_year":2025,"hmc_volume_x":10,"chen23":{"days":850,"rate_kg_day":[2.9,11.6],"prop_kg":7785},"oscar":{"flights":2,"short_pct":[60,70],"long_pct":90},"melissa":{"start":1989,"pilot":2009,"orgs":30,"orgs_year":2023},"lp365":{"days":365,"mix_pct":[5,10],"salt_cut_pct":[9.8,11.9],"water_l_m2":40,"ferment_days":105},"madrid":{"signed":"4 October 1991","in_force":"14 January 1998","macerate_over":30},"mcmurdo":{"plant_year":2003,"ship":"Ocean Giant","ship_date":"early 2025","containers":360},"trash_by_era":{"value":{"robots":0,"crew":1,"town":0.8,"city":0.5},"unit":"kg of dry rubbish per person per day, before any recycling","from":"WR-03"},"reuse_by_era":{"value":{"robots":[0,0],"crew":[10,20],"town":[50,70],"city":[85,95]},"unit":"% of the dry rubbish's mass that goes back into use (printer stock, furnace, farm, fuel plant) rather than into the store","from":"WR-15"},"n_recovered_city_pct":80,"store_cover_m":1,"store_site":"beside the fuel plant","waste_vault_site":"inside the buried town"},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to draw the waste vault and the frozen store, and to size the store by era. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the assumption it comes from.","trash_kg_person_day":{"value":{"robots":0,"crew":1,"town":0.8,"city":0.5},"from":"WR-03","path":"numbers.trash_by_era.value"},"reuse_pct_by_era":{"value":{"robots":[0,0],"crew":[10,20],"town":[50,70],"city":[85,95]},"from":"WR-15","path":"numbers.reuse_by_era.value"},"store_site":{"value":"beside the fuel plant","from":"WR-08","path":"numbers.store_site"},"store_cover_m":{"value":1,"from":"WR-08","path":"numbers.store_cover_m"},"waste_vault_site":{"value":"inside the buried town","from":"WR-07","path":"numbers.waste_vault_site"}}},"03-16":{"title":"Computing and AI","numbers":{"sbc2":{"dna_gb":1.8,"dna_hours":12.2,"dna_min":6,"answer_kb":92,"answer_s":2,"year":2022,"source":"hpe_2022"},"llm":{"date":"1 August 2024","source":"booz_2024"},"rad750":{"mhz":200,"dram_mb":256,"flash_gb":2,"cost_usd_k":[200,500],"source":"nasa_perse_parts"},"ingenuity":{"ghz":2.26,"ram_gb":2,"planned_flights":5,"planned_days":30,"flights":72,"last_flight":"18 January 2024","source":"nasa_ingenuity_2024"},"sbc1":{"days":615,"teraflops":1,"runs":2000,"launch_year":2017,"source":"issnl_2019"},"curiosity_fault":{"date":"27 February 2013","swap_date":"28 February 2013","source":"space_2013"},"rack_kw":{"typical_max":8,"typical_range":[5,8],"few_over":30,"ai":120,"source":"uptime_2024"},"odense":{"mw":45,"mwh_year":215000,"homes":12000,"since":2019,"source":"ramboll_meta"},"iea":{"twh_2024":415,"pct_2024":1.5,"twh_2030":945,"source":"iea_2025"},"natick":{"servers":864,"racks":12,"years":[2018,2020],"failure_ratio":8,"source":"register_natick"},"arctic_vault":{"tb":21,"reels":186,"depth_m":250,"years":1000,"date":"2 February 2020","source":"github_vault"},"lonestar":{"tb":8,"launch":"26 February 2025","landed":"6 March 2025","source":"lonestar_2025"},"stuxnet":{"centrifuges":1000,"pct":10,"year":2010,"source":"isis_2010"},"compute_kw_per_person":{"value":{"crew":[0.3,0.5],"town":[0.3,0.5],"city":[0.5,1]},"from":"CP-07","note":"Our assumption CP-07: electricity used by computers, for each person in the settlement, in kW, all day and night. Not a fact."},"robots_compute_kw":{"value":[2,5],"from":"CP-07","note":"Our assumption CP-07: the server shelf that runs the robots before anyone arrives, in kW."},"hall_site":"beside the farms, under the town's soil cover","hall_gas":"dry nitrogen and argon left over from the fuel plant","archive_copies":3,"look":{"from":"CP-13","about":"How the town's computers look, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws them the same way (00-05 ST-20). Built on CP-05, CP-06 and CP-12.","words":{"vd":"03-06:numbers.vault.d_m","cover":"03-06:numbers.cover_m"},"places":{"hall":{"name":"The server hall","inside":"A buried round steel vault {vd} m across under {cover} m of soil (CP-04, 03-06 HA-03): rows of black racks lit only by blue and white status lights, a faint cold haze, no people inside; a small robot on a ceiling rail lifts out server trays and passes them through a small lock (CP-05). Gold-insulated warm pipes leave through the soil to the farm vault next door, glowing magenta (CP-06).","outside":"A long low soil mound like the homes, with a ridge of white radiator fins on its crest and a small porch, gold pipes running to a glass farm dome (CP-06, 03-03)."},"corridor":{"name":"The corridor window","inside":"A warm wood-panelled curved corridor beside the hall with a long window into it; visitors and families stop to look in (CP-12)."}},"palette":{"status_blue":"#4FA3FF","rack":"#121418","pipe_gold":"#D4A24C","farm_magenta":"#D24DAA","warm_wood":"#B98A5E","soil":"#B4643C"},"light":"The hall is dark and cool, lit by status lights; the corridor is warm lamp light on wood; the farm next door glows magenta. Outside, dusk.","eras":{"city":"One hall beside the farms, watched from the corridor (CP-04 to CP-06).","far":"Two halls far apart, their heat warming orchards under water roofs (CP-04, CP-10)."},"never":["People working inside the hall (CP-05)","Fans blowing air through the racks: liquid loops only (CP-06)","Dust inside the hall (CP-12)","A cable from the controllers to the Earth link (CP-03)","Anyone outside without a suit, or working outside alone (03-08 SS-05)","A blue daytime sky, clouds of rain, snow, puddles or plants outside","Hills, mesas or mountains on the horizon: Arcadia is a flat plain (02-05 SU-09)","Earth drawn as a disc: from Mars it is a bright star","People posed for the camera or staring at it","Logos, flags or readable text"],"shots":[{"id":"cutaway","name":"Three vaults cut open","frame":"The plain at dusk along the top; below, the soil sliced open to show three vaults side by side: the corridor with two people at the window, the server hall with its racks and rail robot, and the farm vault glowing magenta, gold pipes joining the hall to the farm. Used for How Arcadia does it, where the hall is otherwise out of sight."},{"id":"window","name":"At the window","frame":"In the corridor, a parent and child look through the window at the racks' blue lights."}],"open":[]}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine's 'Place the kit' step reads to place and size the server hall by era. The format belongs to the engine (00-02); the numbers belong to this file. Each names the assumption it comes from.","compute_kw_per_person":{"value":{"crew":[0.3,0.5],"town":[0.3,0.5],"city":[0.5,1]},"from":"CP-07","path":"numbers.compute_kw_per_person.value"},"robots_compute_kw":{"value":[2,5],"from":"CP-07","path":"numbers.robots_compute_kw.value"},"hall_site":{"value":"beside the farms, under the town's soil cover","from":"CP-06","path":"numbers.hall_site"},"hall_gas":{"value":"dry nitrogen and argon left over from the fuel plant","from":"CP-05","path":"numbers.hall_gas"},"archive_copies":{"value":3,"from":"CP-10","path":"numbers.archive_copies"}}},"04-02-01":{"title":"How the city is run","numbers":{"iga_year":1998,"iga_consult_days":90,"code_year":2000,"antarctic":{"signed":1959,"in_force":1961,"parties":58,"consultative":29,"as_of":2024},"svalbard":{"signed":1920,"in_force":1925,"parties":49,"as_of":2026},"places":{"biosphere2_crew":8,"pitcairn_pop":35,"pitcairn_year":2023,"mayflower_people":101,"mayflower_signers":41,"tristan_pop":243,"tristan_year":2021,"jamestown_before":500,"jamestown_after":61,"longyearbyen_pop":2817,"longyearbyen_year":2026},"tristan_days":6,"tristan_council":{"elected":8,"appointed":3,"term_years":3},"longyearbyen_council":15,"longyearbyen_council_year":2002,"longyearbyen_mainland_years":3,"marsh_year":1946,"marsh_vote":[5,3],"lands_turnout_pct":20,"lands_record_pct":50,"biosphere2_o2_pct":[20.9,14.5],"biosphere2_o2_months":16,"biosphere2_air_pct":10,"rationing_years":[1940,1954],"cheese_g":[85,230],"cape_town_l":[87,50,25],"cape_town_points":149,"un_water_l":[50,100],"un_water_countries":122,"holmes_overboard":14,"holmes_crew":9,"cvr_hours":[2,25],"our_council_seats":{"town":[5,7],"city":[11,15]},"westminster":{"date":"11 December 1931","y0":1931,"au_adopted":1942,"au_backdated":"3 September 1939","au_act":"3 March 1986","y1":1986,"source":"wiki_westminster"},"hbc":{"charter":"2 May 1670","y0":1670,"km2":3861400,"surrender":"19 November 1869","transfer":"15 July 1870","y1":1870,"gbp":300000,"source":"wiki_ruperts"},"usa":{"jamestown":"14 May 1607","y0":1607,"declared":"4 July 1776","y1":1776,"source":"wiki_declaration"},"iceland":{"settled":874,"althing":930,"source":"wiki_althing"},"swiss":{"cantons":26,"y_trad":1291,"y_fed":1848,"source":"wiki_cantons"},"singapore":{"date":"9 August 1965","vote":[126,0],"pop_m":1.89,"source":"wiki_singapore"},"musk16":{"date":"2 June 2016","source":"gizmodo_2016"},"star_city":{"year":2019,"people":1000,"entries":100,"finalists":10,"villages":5,"source":"mit_2019"},"roads":{"from":"CR-16","note":"Our list of the broad roads a self-sustaining Mars could take, each with an Earth precedent (CR-16). Not a ranking.","value":[{"id":"earth","name":"Still Earth's","what":"The partner countries and the Authority keep the last word.","like":"Antarctica, Svalbard","refs":["F-04","F-09"]},{"id":"company","name":"The company's charter","what":"The venture that carries people runs Mars by charter.","like":"Hudson's Bay Company, 200 years","refs":["F-31"]},{"id":"agreement","name":"Self-rule by agreement","what":"Earth hands power over, step by step, by law.","like":"Australia, 1931 to 1986","refs":["F-30"]},{"id":"federation","name":"A federation","what":"Each settlement runs itself and they share a few things.","like":"Switzerland's cantons, Star City","refs":["F-34","F-37"]},{"id":"direct","name":"Direct democracy","what":"Every resident votes on short laws, easier to repeal than to pass.","like":"Landsgemeinde; Musk, 2016","refs":["F-13","F-36"]},{"id":"break","name":"A clean break","what":"Mars declares itself free of any Earth government.","like":"The American colonies; the Starlink terms","refs":["F-32","F-38"]}]},"look":{"from":"CR-18","about":"How the Commons looks, the great hall where Arcadia City meets on rest sols, holds its festivals and its town meetings, so every picture, film and 3D scene draws the same place (00-05 ST-20). Sizes are our design unless a fact or assumption is named; they pass the glance test within about a quarter. Shown in The First Martian City unless a part says otherwise.","words":{"cover":"03-06:numbers.cover_m","vd":"03-06:numbers.vault.d_m","seats":"04-02-01:numbers.our_council_seats.city","rest":"04-03-01:numbers.town_rest_sols"},"places":{"hall":{"name":"The Commons","outside":"Nothing but a wide, low mound of rust-red soil in the middle district (04-01-01 FC-03), broader than the rows of homes, with a line of skylight wells along its crest (white collars with glass caps, as on the homes, 03-06 look) and an entrance porch with a lamp at each end. From the plain at night its skylights glow warm gold.","inside":"Three steel vaults {vd} m across laid side by side under {cover} m of soil and opened into one another through wide arches, so the hall is about three vaults wide (about 27 m) and about 60 m long, with a curved ceiling over each bay. White and warm-wood panels, a floor of polished printed soil in warm terracotta. Down the middle bay a long shared table; in one side bay a cafe counter with a coffee machine, bread and fruit from the farms, small round tables and chairs; in the other a low wooden stage with musicians and a few rows of chairs, and plants in big pots. Shafts of real daylight fall from the skylight wells onto the floor. Strings of warm lamps hang between the arches. A wall screen at the far end shows the plain outside. Children run between the tables; people in everyday clothes, never suits."},"meeting":{"name":"The town meeting","inside":"The same hall set out for a town meeting: chairs in a wide horseshoe round the stage, the council of {seats} seats at a plain table on it, and every adult free to speak and to vote by a show of hands (CR-05, CR-06). A screen shows the question being decided. Calm and friendly, not a parliament."},"festival":{"name":"A festival sol","inside":"On festival sols the hall's lights switch from warm white to amber and gold, paper and fabric lanterns made in the workshops hang between the arches, and the long table is laid for everyone (04-03-01 CF-15)."}},"palette":{"steel":"#9AA0A6","white":"#F4F2EE","warm_wood":"#B98A5E","floor":"#C2734A","lamp":"#FFD9A8","festival_amber":"#F2A93B","coral":"#E0825E","plant":"#5FA34A"},"light":"Warm white on ordinary sols, amber and gold on festival sols (04-03-01 CF-15). Cool shafts of real daylight fall from the skylight wells by day; at night the lamps between the arches carry the room. Outside: butterscotch sky by day, blue round the Sun at dusk (02-07 F-02), skylight collars glowing.","eras":{"city":"One hall of three vaults in the middle district, used for everything: cafe, music, market, festivals and the town meeting.","far":"The Commons stays as the Old town's hall; by Self-sustaining Mars the biggest water-roofed dome (03-10 GF-17) is the city's park, with a lake and trees, where the town also gathers (05-17 LV-04)."},"never":["Brass, copper or old-fashioned lamps and gauges","Bare rock caves or carved stone halls: the hall is steel vaults under soil","Windows looking straight out onto the plain (only skylight wells, screens and periscopes)","Anyone in a suit or helmet inside the hall","Crowds packed shoulder to shoulder, or people posed for the camera or staring at it","Fireworks, candles or open flames","A blue daytime sky, snow, rain or puddles outside","Anyone outside without a suit, or alone outside (03-08 SS-05)"],"shots":[{"id":"rest_sol","name":"A rest sol in the Commons","frame":"From the side bay by the cafe, looking down the long hall: the three bays under their curved ceilings, the cafe counter in the foreground, the long table down the middle with people eating and talking, musicians on the low stage at the far end, shafts of daylight falling from the skylight wells, warm lamps strung between the arches, children running."},{"id":"meeting","name":"The town meeting","frame":"From behind the horseshoe of chairs towards the stage: hands raised for a vote, the council at its table, the question on the screen."},{"id":"mound_night","name":"The Commons from the plain at night","frame":"Two suited settlers walk together past the hall's wide mound, its skylights glowing gold under a starry sky."}],"open":[]}}},"05-19":{"title":"Playable Arcadia","numbers":{"court":{"rim_height_m":3.05,"player_height_m":1.995,"reach_per_height":1.335,"rim_radius_m":0.2286,"ball_radius_m":0.12,"basket_from_baseline_m":1.575,"free_throw_from_baseline_m":5.8,"three_point_m":6.75,"court_length_m":28,"court_width_m":15}}},"05-02":{"title":"The Olympus race","numbers":{"caldera_km":[60,80],"caldera_deep_km":3.2,"caldera_pits":6,"aureole_km":750,"lava_age_myr":[115,2],"mex_year":2004,"ing_first_date":"19 April 2021","ing_first_s":39.1,"ing_first_m":3,"ing_mass_kg":1.8,"ing_rotor_m":1.21,"ing_rpm":[2400,2900],"ing_tip_mach":0.7,"ing_total_min":128.8,"ing_total_km":17,"ing_max_m":24,"ing_max_flight":61,"ing_speed_ms":10,"ing_speed_flight":62,"ing_long_m":708.9,"ing_long_flight":25,"ing_long_date":"8 April 2022","ing_nav_s":20,"ing_blade_m":15,"ing_report_date":"11 December 2024","wright_date":"17 December 1903","wright_s":12,"wright_m":37,"wright_best_s":59,"wright_best_m":260,"msh_year":2020,"msh_kg":31,"msh_payload_kg":5,"msh_hover_min":10,"msh_range_km":5,"msh_shell_m":2.5,"ares_span_m":6.25,"ares_kg":185,"ares_prop_kg":45,"ares_range_km":600,"ares_hours":1,"ares_height_km":1.6,"ares_year":2008,"lift_stall_deg":[10,15],"helios_m":29524,"helios_date":"13 August 2001","helios_span_m":75,"stratos_m":38969,"stratos_kmh":1357.64,"stratos_mach":1.25,"stratos_date":"14 October 2012","stratos_fall":"4 minutes 19 seconds","pikes_km":19.99,"pikes_turns":156,"pikes_climb_m":1440,"pikes_top_m":4302,"pikes_first":1916,"pikes_record_s":477.148,"pikes_record_year":2018,"rbar_pylon_m":25,"rbar_gap_m":[10,15],"rbar_track_km":[5,6],"rbar_years":[2003,2019],"mola_m":1,"mola_grid_km":[1,2],"mola_hz":10,"mola_years":[1997,2001],"webgl2_year":2017,"webgl2_all":"9 February 2022","race":{"about":"Game settings for our race (assumptions OR-02 to OR-11). Not facts about Mars.","start_km":338,"bearing_deg":321,"gates_km":[338,324,200,120,28,0],"gate_names":["Start, on the plains below the cliff","Top of the cliff","Lower flank","Young lava","Caldera rim","Finish, on the caldera floor"],"gate_ring_m":1600,"gate_agl_km":[1,3],"pace_ms":600,"pace_range_ms":[300,1000],"miss_s":10,"craft_kg":2000,"craft_wing_m2":30,"craft_cl":1.2,"camera_agl_km":2,"fps":[60,30],"stream_mb":15,"first_view_s":10,"lead_km":9,"gate_every_km":20,"weave_km":1.5,"weave_wave_km":90,"gate_agl_m":[700,450,1500,1500,900,350],"pace_agl_m":1200,"rim_from_km":45,"ground":{"squares":512,"across_km":1600,"colour_squares":1024,"cliff_from_km":200,"cliff_sharpen":10},"thrust_kn":14,"boost_x":2,"booster_kn":60,"booster_s":20,"mach_soft":5},"valles":{"about":"Game settings for the canyon run, the race's main stage (assumptions OR-18 to OR-21). Not facts about Mars. Anything not given here is as in 'race'.","centre":[-6.6,-83.3],"ground":{"squares":720,"across_km":2000,"colour_squares":1440,"wall_sharpen":6},"gates":[{"place":"noctis","at":[-6.5,-95.2],"find":"high","agl_m":0},{"place":"ius","at":[-6.4,-91],"find":"low","agl_m":1700},{"sight":"side_canyons","at":[-6.75,-87.5],"find":"low","agl_m":1700},{"place":"valles","at":[-7.35,-84],"find":"low","agl_m":1700},{"place":"geryon","at":[-8.15,-80],"find":"high","agl_m":1700},{"place":"labes","at":[-8.6,-77.6],"find":"low","agl_m":1700},{"place":"melas","at":[-9.3,-74.5],"find":"low","agl_m":1700},{"place":"candor","at":[-6.6,-72.8],"find":"low","agl_m":1700},{"place":"ophir","at":[-3.8,-72],"find":"low","agl_m":1700}],"find_km":16,"gate_ring_m":3000,"cruise_ms":3200,"boost_ms":3500,"booster_s":12,"launch_end_deg":-14,"wall_km":7,"dusk_deg":24}},"world_spec":{"about":"The numbers the engine (00-02) reads to run the race, through its 'Start the experience' step. The format belongs to the engine; the numbers belong to this file. They are game settings (OR assumptions), not facts about Mars. The finish is the Olympus Mons pin in 02-04, read from there; gravity, air and sound come from 02-01's own world spec.","route_start_km":{"value":338,"unit":"km from the summit pin","from":"OR-02","path":"numbers.race.start_km"},"route_bearing_deg":{"value":321,"unit":"degrees from north, summit to start","from":"OR-02","path":"numbers.race.bearing_deg"},"gates_km_from_summit":{"value":[338,324,200,120,28,0],"unit":"km","from":"OR-03","path":"numbers.race.gates_km"},"gate_ring_m":{"value":1600,"unit":"m","from":"OR-03","path":"numbers.race.gate_ring_m"},"gate_height_km":{"value":[1,3],"unit":"km above ground","from":"OR-03","path":"numbers.race.gate_agl_km"},"craft_mass_kg":{"value":2000,"unit":"kg","from":"OR-04","path":"numbers.race.craft_kg"},"craft_wing_m2":{"value":30,"unit":"m²","from":"OR-04","path":"numbers.race.craft_wing_m2"},"craft_lift_max":{"value":1.2,"unit":"","from":"OR-04","path":"numbers.race.craft_cl"},"pace_ms":{"value":600,"unit":"m/s","from":"OR-06","path":"numbers.race.pace_ms"},"pace_range_ms":{"value":[300,1000],"unit":"m/s","from":"OR-06","path":"numbers.race.pace_range_ms"},"missed_gate_s":{"value":10,"unit":"s","from":"OR-07","path":"numbers.race.miss_s"},"camera_min_km":{"value":2,"unit":"km above ground","from":"OR-09","path":"numbers.race.camera_agl_km"},"frame_rate":{"value":[60,30],"unit":"frames a second, computer and phone","from":"OR-10","path":"numbers.race.fps"},"stream_mb":{"value":15,"unit":"MB per run","from":"OR-10","path":"numbers.race.stream_mb"}}}},"calendar":{"first_crew_year":2036,"era_years":{"robots":[2032,2036],"crew":[2036,2038],"town":[2038,2056],"city":[2056,2066],"cities":[2066,2096]}},"worked_out":{"jump_x":"2.6","grav_pct":"38","fly_w":"90","canyon_x":"5","canyon_room_m":"450","w_well_storeys":"8","w_base_storeys":"12","w_melt_x":"3,600","w_ship_t":"800","w_ship_baths":"10,000","w_iss_l":"3.8","h_plain_y":"230","h_plain_xray":"6","h_rows_x":"12","h_air_t":"17","h_soil_t":"4.8","h_push_x":"3.6","f_floor_lo":"12","f_floor_hi":"17","f_sun_pct":"43","f_kettles":"3.3","air_pct":"0.6","sum_lo":"-82","sum_hi":"-32","rows_days":"31","sp_reach_m":"2.66","sp_rim_e":"3.05","sp_rim_m":"3.68","sp_jump_e":"0.5","sp_jump_m":"1.3","fl_lift_pct":"1.3","fl_wing_x":"29","fl_dome_pct":"64","cm_sol_min":"40","cm_week_h":"4.6","cm_rest_h":"49","cm_year_x":"1.88","cm_carry_x":"8","young_cm":"42","young_date":"21 April 1972","fl_gc_km":"1.83","fl_everest_km":"8.85"},"worked_quoted":{"00-01":{"ancient_bn":"3.6","dry_by":"3.2"},"03-03":{"p_homes":"70","p_kettles":"7","p_fence_msv":"50","p_tennis_l":"23.77","p_tennis_w":"10.97","p_rad_tennis":"0.5"},"03-05":{"ship_h":"52","ship_w":"9","ship_storeys":"16","cargo_t":"100"},"03-09":{"a_o2_day":"0.89","a_water_day":"1","a_bottles":"2","a_water_kg":"1.002"},"03-10":{"roof_water_m":"4.8"},"05-19":{"rim_earth_m":"3.05","reach_m":"2.66","mars_rim_m":"3.68"},"05-02":{"oly_km":"21.3","oly_ev":"2.4","everest_m":"8,849","scarp_km":"8","lava_young":"2","cal_deep":"3.2","cal_wide":"80","air_earth_pct":"0.07","air_mars_pct":"11","gravity_pct":"38"}},"timeline":{"start_bn":3.6,"ancient_ends_bn":3.2,"eras":[{"id":"ancient","name":"Ancient Mars","short":"Ancient Mars","plain":"Mars about 3.6 billion years ago, when a northern ocean may have filled the lowlands and rivers ran into lakes such as Jezero's. Water the rocks record is Real; debated water, such as the ocean, is shown in its most stunning serious form as Our world (00 L-23).","when":"About 3.6 billion years ago","when_short":"3.6 bn years ago","from":{"bn":3.6},"to":{"bn":3.2},"colour":"#7A6034","colour_dark":"#D2B27A"},{"id":"today","name":"Mars Today","short":"Today","plain":"Mars as it is now. Nobody at our site; real rovers and landers work far away at their own sites (02-04).","when":"Today","when_short":"Today","from":{"now":true},"to":{"now":true},"colour":"#5A606A","colour_dark":"#B8BEC6"},{"id":"robots","name":"Robots First","short":"Robots First","plain":"Uncrewed ships and robots. The first ship lands on natural ground, robots build the first pad, and the reactors and fuel plant start work (01-01 E-10).","when":"2032 to 2036","when_short":"2032 to 2036","from":{"year":2032},"to":{"year":2036},"colour":"#6F737A","colour_dark":"#A3A8AE"},{"id":"crew","name":"First Human Landing","short":"Humans Land","plain":"The first crew lands in 2036 on the robot-built pad beside a working fuel plant, lives in the first habitat and flies home in the next return window (01-01 E-11).","when":"2036 to 2038","when_short":"2036 to 2038","from":{"year":2036},"to":{"year":2038},"colour":"#2A5FA8","colour_dark":"#7FA8E0"},{"id":"town","name":"First Town","short":"First Town","plain":"The first crew's base grown into a small town. Crews rotate every window and some stay for two.","when":"2038 to 2056","when_short":"2038 to 2056","from":{"year":2038},"to":{"year":2056},"colour":"#2D7A71","colour_dark":"#6CC3B5"},{"id":"city","name":"The First Martian City, Arcadia","short":"Arcadia","plain":"The city we show. Most people stay for good.","when":"2056 to 2066","when_short":"2056 to 2066","from":{"year":2056},"to":{"year":2066},"colour":"#B4502B","colour_dark":"#E88A62"},{"id":"cities","name":"Many Cities","short":"Many Cities","plain":"The City grown into a world of towns and cities, each built for its own reason. Factories learn to make what the ships used to bring (machines, medicines, power kit and, last of all, computer chips), so the list of things only Earth can send gets shorter every window (04-02-04).","when":"2066 to 2096","when_short":"2066 to 2096","from":{"year":2066},"to":{"year":2096},"colour":"#8E3B63","colour_dark":"#E59ABD"},{"id":"far","name":"Self-sustaining Mars","short":"Self-sustaining","plain":"Mars needs nothing from Earth. If every ship stopped coming, the cities would carry on and keep growing (04-02-04). People, ideas and trade still cross by choice. Works further ahead, such as the roofed crater city, are our best estimate, labelled as assumptions.","when":"After 2096","when_short":"After 2096","from":{"year":2096},"to":null,"colour":"#3E3A7A","colour_dark":"#A7A2E8"}]},"places":[],"files":{}}